Modified nanostructures for the next generation of biosensing and enhanced nanomaterials

纳米结构的制备和表面改性是纳米科学向纳米技术转变的关键研究领域。本提案中描述的研究计划旨在将改性纳米结构应用于生物分析和纳米材料应用。具体而言，我们将开发检测小分子代谢物的设备和技术，并基于可再生的“绿色”纳米颗粒合成高性能材料。**代谢组学是“组学”科学的一个新兴领域，它使用先进的分析化学技术来表征数千种小分子代谢物（MW50）常见疾病，包括许多在AHRIS优先列表上的疾病。已经确定了30种关键代谢物，可单独或联合使用，以高灵敏度和特异性预测或诊断广泛疾病的发展，包括产妇（先兆子痫）、儿童（自闭症、18三体）、慢性（糖尿病、克罗恩病、结肠炎、癌症、慢性疲劳综合征）、感染性（肝炎）和神经系统（阿尔茨海默病、精神分裂症）。我们相信这里提出的工作可以显著减少分析时间和成本。**纤维素是世界上最丰富的生物聚合物。纤维素的特殊处理导致纳米级的分离，结晶纤维素纳米粒子称为纤维素纳米晶体（CNC）。cnc是纳米尺度的棒状颗粒，具有高比强度和模量、高表面积和独特的光学性能。我们的项目涉及对CNC进行化学改性，以生产一种可用于增材制造的材料。增材制造使用的技术是通过材料的顺序分层来创建3D结构。最常见的增材制造形式是3D打印，它使我们更接近复制技术的长期梦想。3D打印机通过顺序沉积可以固化成所需形状的材料，从数字模型创建对象。从金属到陶瓷再到聚合物，各种各样的材料都可以用作3D打印的油墨。随着思想和应用的不断扩展，对新油墨材料的需求也将不断增加。在对可再生、丰富、生物相容性和/或可生物降解油墨的渴望的推动下，生物材料的3D打印开始出现。我们相信，作为下一代3D墨水的主要或次要组成部分，CNC显示出巨大的前景，特别是在生物医学植入物和设备方面。

The fabrication and the surface modification of nanostrutures are key areas of research for the transformation of nanoscience to nanotechnology. The research program described in this proposal seeks to apply modified nanostructures in bioanalytical and nanomaterials applications. Specifically, we will develop devices and technologies to detect small molecule metabolites and synthesize high-performance materials based on renewable "green" nanoparticles.**Metabolomics is an emerging field of "omics" science that uses advanced analytical chemistry techniques to characterize the 1000s of small molecule metabolites (MW50 common diseases -- including many that are on the AHRIS priority list. 30 key metabolites have been identified that may be used, either alone or in combination, to predict or diagnose the development of a wide range of disorders including maternal (preeclampsia), childhood (autism, trisomy 18), chronic (diabetes, Crohn's, colitis, cancer, chronic fatigue syndrome), infectious (hepatitis) and neurological (Alzheimer's, schizophrenia) with high sensitivity and specificity. We believe the work proposed here can reduce analysis times and costs significantly.**Cellulose is the world's most abundant biopolymer. Specific processing of cellulose results in the isolation of nanoscale, crystalline cellulose nanoparticles called cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). CNCs are rod shaped particles of nanoscale dimension that exhibit high specific strength and modulus, have high surface area and possess unique optical properties. Our project involves the chemical modification of CNC to produce a material that can be used in additive manufacturing. Additive manufacturing uses technologies that create 3D structures through sequential layering of materials. The most common form of additive manufacturing is 3D printing, which has brought us closer to the longstanding dream of replication technology. A 3D printer creates an object from a digital model by sequential depositing materials that can solidify into the desired shape. A wide variety of materials, from metals to ceramics to polymers, can be used as inks for 3D printing. As ideas and applications continue to expand, so will the need for new ink materials. 3D printing of biomaterials is beginning to emerge pushed by the desire for renewable, abundant, biocompatible and/or biodegradable inks. We believe that CNC shows great promise as a major or minor component of the next generation of 3D inks, especially for biomedical implants and devices.