Balancing the demands of physiological processes: Decapod crustacean feeding and digestion in hypoxia

在过去的几十年里，沿海地区溶解氧水平的变化比任何其他环境变量都要大，导致了大面积的缺氧。甲壳类动物是对缺氧最敏感的生物之一，因此可以作为健康环境的重要指示物种。在预测低氧对底栖生物群落的长期影响时，了解它们的行为和生理反应将是非常宝贵的。一般来说，甲壳类动物对氧张力下降的反应是通过增加通气率来维持稳定的氧（O2）吸收率，在一定水平上它们无法维持氧（O2）吸收率，此后氧（O2）吸收率随环境的变化而下降。所有生物都必须进食才能生存，随后的食物消化会导致新陈代谢的普遍增加，称为特定动态作用（SDA）。因此，当生物体需要吸收更多的氧气进行消化过程时，当前的缺氧趋势将减少可用的溶解氧。****本研究将探讨几种具有不同处理缺氧能力的十足甲壳类动物（岩蟹、绿蟹、龙虾、邓氏蟹）在缺氧条件下进食和消化时如何平衡心肺变量（呼吸、心脏功能、血液化学）。如果动物在缺氧时无法维持氧气的摄取，我们将确定它们是否可以减缓或停止消化过程（机械昂贵的生理机制）。Loligo梭子箱®将用于确定喂养状态是否会改变O2偏好。这种装置可以让动物在两种氧气环境中进行选择，同时电脑会跟踪它们的运动。通过监测运动速度、氧气选择和喂养活动，我们将能够确定被喂食和饥饿的动物是否有不同的氧气偏好，或者是否存在权衡，即随着饥饿时间的增加，动物将更有可能消耗能量进入低氧气以获得食物奖励。****生态生理学在过去十年中有了复兴，这种研究整个动物生理学和行为之间联系的综合方法在研究动物与其环境之间的相互作用时很重要。从历史上看，科学家们是在严格控制的条件下进行实验的，而这项研究的结果将表明，多种压力源在更自然的条件下是如何相互作用的。鉴于气候变化和缺氧指数的增加，这项研究的结果不仅会引起科学界的兴趣，而且对环境资源管理者了解社区对环境变化的潜在反应也很重要。****

Dissolved oxygen levels in coastal areas have changed more than any other environmental variable during the past few decades, leading to widespread hypoxia. Crustaceans are among the most sensitive organisms to hypoxia and could therefore act as important indicator species of a healthy environment. Knowledge of their behavioural and physiological responses will be invaluable when predicting long-term effects of hypoxia on benthic communities. In general crustaceans respond to a decline in oxygen tension by increasing ventilation rate in an attempt to maintain a stable oxygen (O2) uptake, at a certain level they are unable to maintain O2 uptake and thereafter it drops in line with that of the environment. All organisms must feed in order to survive and the subsequent digestion of a meal leads to a general increase in metabolism termed the specific dynamic action (SDA). Thus current trends in hypoxia will reduce the available dissolved O2 at a time when organisms need to uptake more O2 for digestive processes.**** This research will investigate how several species of decapod crustaceans (rock crab, green crab, lobster, Dungeness crab) with differing ability to deal with hypoxia balance cardiorespiratory variables (respiration, cardiac function, blood chemistry) when they feed and digest in hypoxia. If animals are unable to maintain O2 uptake during hypoxia we will determine if they can slow or halt digestive processes (mechanical costly” physiological mechanisms. A Loligo shuttlebox® will be used to determine if feeding status alters O2 preference. The apparatus allows animals to choose between two O2 regimes while a computer tracks movement. By monitoring speed of movement, O2 choice and feeding activity we will be able to determine if fed and starved animals have different O2 preferences, or if trade-off occurs whereby with increasing starvation time an animal will be more likely expend energy entering into low O2 in order to obtain a food reward.**** Ecophysiology has had a renaissance in the last decade and this integrative approach studying the connections between whole animal physiology and behaviour is important when investigating interactions between the animal and its environment. Historically scientists carried out experiments under controlled conditions where feeding was carefully regimented, the results of this research will show how multiple stressors may interact in more natural conditions. In light of climate change and the exponential increase in hypoxia the results of this research will not only be of interest to the scientific community, but will also be important for environmental resource managers in understanding potential responses of communties to environmental change.****