Model and Observational Studies of the High Latitude Oceans

该提案的主题重点是北极、加拿大北极群岛（CAA）和拉布拉多海的气候和海洋动态。由于全球变暖，北极和亚北极地区预计将经历幅度特别大的变化。海冰的消失和大陆冰盖的融化是惊人的，变化的速度是前所未有的。****** CAA是一个连接北冰洋和大西洋的海峡和盆地的复杂网络。横跨CAA的北部社区依靠这个沿海环境来运输和获取海洋资源。这是一个海洋学上复杂的地区，CAA的许多通道形成了一个复杂的海水管道，从北极和太平洋流向大西洋，将营养物质、污染物和生物群通过CAA并超越。CAA将是下个世纪除格陵兰岛和南极洲之外造成海平面上升的最大冰冻圈因素。******使用高分辨率数值模拟，我们提出了与CAA和北冰洋有关的两个问题。北极水域从加拿大盆地流经CAA进入大西洋的通道是什么（具体的体积和淡水通量是多少）？储存在北冰洋波弗特环流中的大量淡水的命运将会如何？它将如何影响CAA？******拉布拉多海位于加拿大东海岸，是少数几个深海直接与大气交换气体的海洋区域之一。局部深层对流向大气释放大量热量，由此产生的拉布拉多海水有助于全球海洋热盐环流，将热量从低纬度重新分配到两极。分层变化可能来自地表的直接变暖，以及格陵兰岛和加拿大的积雪、多年海冰和冰川融化所增加的淡水输入。随着高北地区变暖速度的加快，多种淡水资源现在聚集在拉布拉多海，有可能在区域和全球尺度上破坏深层对流、经向海洋热输送、气候和海洋生物地球化学。******利用历史数据分析和高分辨率数值模拟，我们提出了与北极/CAA和亚极地北大西洋相互作用有关的问题。第一个关键问题是，从北冰洋和格陵兰冰盖流出的淡水将如何（以及有多少）被拉布拉多海和亚极地北大西洋所吸收？我们能确定这种运输是否在增加吗？看看北大西洋亚极地对高纬度地区的影响，我们也想知道亚极地大西洋温暖的伊明格水的途径是什么，这些温暖的水团是否会渗透到CAA？我们在这里的目标是提高我们对海水进出包含主要潮汐冰川的峡湾的理解。

The thematic focus of the proposal is climate and ocean dynamics in the Arctic, Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) and the Labrador Sea. The Arctic and subarctic regions are expected to experience particularly large amplitude changes in response to global warming. Loss of sea ice and melting of continental ice caps are dramatic and the rate of change unprecedented. ******The CAA is a complex network of straits and basins connecting the Arctic Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. Northern communities across the CAA rely on this coastal environment for transportation and marine resources. It is an oceanographically complex area where the many channels of the CAA form a complex conduit of seawater that flows from the Arctic and the Pacific to the Atlantic, delivering nutrients, contaminants and biota through the CAA and beyond. The CAA will be the largest cryospheric contributor to sea level rise in the next century beyond Greenland and Antarctica.******Using high resolution numerical modelling we ask a pair of questions related to the CAA and the Arctic Ocean. By what channels (and with what specific volume and freshwater fluxes) do Arctic waters flow from the Canada Basin, through the CAA, and into the Atlantic? What will be the fate of the large amount of freshwater stored within the Beaufort Gyre of the Arctic Ocean and how will it impact the CAA? ******The Labrador Sea, off the east coast of Canada, is one of the few oceanic regions where the deep ocean exchanges gases directly with the atmosphere. Localized deep convection releases large amounts of heat to the atmosphere and the resulting Labrador Sea Water contributes to the global ocean thermohaline circulation that redistributes heat from low latitudes to the poles. Stratification changes may come from direct surface warming as well as the enhanced freshwater input from the melting of snow, multi-year sea ice and glaciers in Greenland and Canada. With the accelerating rate of warming in the high North, multiple sources of freshwater now converge on the Labrador Sea, with the potential to disrupt deep convection, meridional ocean heat transport, climate, and ocean biogeochemistry at regional and global scales. ******Using both historical data analysis, as well as high resolution numerical modelling, we ask questions related to the interactions of the Arctic/CAA and the sub-polar North Atlantic. The first key question is how (and how much) will the freshwater being routed from the Arctic Ocean and the Greenland ice sheet be taken up in the Labrador Sea and the sub-polar North Atlantic Ocean? Can we determine if this transport is increasing? Looking at the impact of the sub-polar North Atlantic on the higher latitudes, we also ask what are the pathways for warm Irminger Water in the sub-polar Atlantic and does this warm water mass penetrate into the CAA? Our goal here is to improve our understanding of the transport of oceanic water to and from the fjords that contain major tidewater glaciers.