Ecosystem subsidies in a landscape context

从个体到景观的生态系统补贴*没有栖息地是一座岛屿。能量和营养物质在水生和陆地环境之间流动，由风、水、植物和动物携带。这些营养物质的流动可能会补贴邻近的生态系统，使得很难在物种和群落之间划出清晰的界限。但它们也提供了一个机会，从个人到社区之间的相互作用和景观水平的过程，更深入地了解生态的尺度。二十年的研究已经形成了一个理论框架，预测资源补贴对受援国生态系统的影响。但他们也指出了更大规模的调查，以了解生态系统补贴如何影响景观层面的多样性格局。这包括完善岛屿生物地理学理论和经典的物种-区域关系。我的长期目标是了解资源补贴驱动的生态系统之间的联系如何影响从个人到社区和景观的生态。*流域研究的短期目标。(1)测试鲑鱼提取的营养物质如何影响植物的生长和繁殖；(2)测试鲑鱼提取的营养物质如何影响不列颠哥伦比亚省弗雷泽河流域的鸟类多样性；(3)综合文献，考虑鲑鱼对基于生态系统的管理的影响。*岛屿研究的短期目标。(4)将岛屿生物地理学理论与生态系统补贴相结合，检验海藻营养物质对海岛鸟类物种-面积关系的影响；(5)海藻营养物质对海岛海岸线上昆虫多样性的影响。*方法。我建议在对不列颠哥伦比亚省沿海偏远而相对原始的地区以及整个弗雷泽河流域的流域和岛屿进行的大型实地研究中，检验资源补贴的影响假说。我提出了一种实验和比较分析相结合的方法，以测试鲑鱼和海藻中的营养物质在推动营养相互作用、丰度和物种-区域关系方面的作用。*影响。这里提出的研究将促进我们对补贴规模及其影响的理解，从个人的表现到社区在不同景观中的聚集。这将包括对资源补贴和岛屿生物地理理论的综合所产生的预测的首次全面测试，范围从个人密度到社区多样性。此外，通过将鲑鱼的生态效应纳入基于生态系统的管理，对流域的研究将有助于满足加拿大的一项关键政策要求。

ECOSYSTEM SUBSIDIES FROM INDIVIDUALS TO LANDSCAPES******No habitat is an island. Energy and nutrients flow between aquatic and terrestrial environments, carried by wind, water, plants, and animals. These nutrient flows can subsidize adjacent ecosystems, making it difficult to draw clear boundaries around species and communities. But they also present an opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the scales of ecology from interactions between individuals to communities and landscape-level processes. Two decades of research have led to a theoretical framework that predicts the impacts of resource subsidies on recipient ecosystems. But they also point toward a larger scale of enquiry, to understand how ecosystem subsidies affect patterns of diversity at the landscape level. This includes refinements to the theory of island biogeography and classical species-area relationships.******Long-term objective. My long-term goal is to understand how connections between ecosystems driven by resource subsidies affect ecology from individuals to communities and landscapes. ******Short-term objectives for watershed research. (1) test how nutrients derived from salmon affect growth and reproduction of plants, (2) test how salmon-derived nutrients affect avian diversity across the Fraser River watershed of British Columbia, and (3) use a synthesis of the literature to consider impacts of salmon for ecosystem-based management.******Short-term objectives for island research. (4) integrate the theory of island biogeography with ecosystem subsidies to test effects of nutrients from seaweed on avian species-area relationships on islands, and (5) test effects of nutrients from seaweed on insect diversity across shoreline gradients on islands. ******Approach. I propose to test hypotheses about the impacts of resource subsidies in large field studies of watersheds and islands in a remote and relatively pristine region along the coast of British Columbia, and throughout the Fraser River basin. I propose a combination of experiments and comparative analyses to test the roles of nutrients from salmon and seaweed in driving trophic interactions, abundance, and species-area relationships. ******Impact. The research proposed here will advance our understanding of the scale of subsidies and their influence, from the performance of individuals to the assembly of communities across landscapes. This will include the first comprehensive tests of predictions arising from an integration of theories about resource subsidies and island biogeography, ranging from densities of individuals to diversity of communities. Furthermore, research on watersheds will help meet a key policy requirement in Canada, by incorporating ecological effects of salmon into ecosystem-based management.