Shoot apical meristem ontogenesis in vivo and in vitro

正如已故的伊恩·苏塞克斯教授在他的评论（细胞56：225，1989）中所说，“分生组织使植物”。顶端分生组织是植物细胞的母体。 它们负责形成植物体的组织和器官。没有适当运作的AM，陆地植物将不存在。虽然最近的进展已经在我们的理解AM的形成，维护和正常植物发育过程中的功能，我们仍然没有完全了解他们是如何启动在胚胎发生。 植物的组织培养和微繁殖是植物商品化生产的重要途径。 为了获得成功，AM形成是新再生植物中必须的。此外，我们的理解AM启动在体外微繁殖的植物是更有限的，比在体内的研究。 一种特别重要的商业植物是兰花。 与其他开花植物不同，兰花AM在胚胎发育期间不存在;相反，它们在种子萌发后启动。这就引出了兰花为什么选择这种分生组织起始策略以及分生组织基因调控导致分生组织形成延迟的机制。由于这项研究计划的重点是一个中心结构，这是关键的植物发育，这项研究是重要的所有生物学家感兴趣的植物生长和发育。 本研究计划的总体目标是提供一个机械的理解拍摄顶端分生组织的个体发生在体外使用拟南芥胚胎作为外植体和在体内使用蝴蝶兰，蝴蝶兰，发育中的胚胎和原球茎作为我们的实验系统。我们预期，我们可以解开分生组织启动的关键事件和相关的调控机制（S）使用这些实验系统。除了理论上的贡献，我们将能够设计和/或推荐新的协议植物微繁殖。 有关分生组织在体内和体外形成的知识是植物生物技术应用的基础。 这些信息将使对植物生长和发育感兴趣的外行和科学家以及对植物生产感兴趣的国内和国际商业种植者受益。如果芽再生得到保证，这将导致转化研究和转基因植物的产生取得更多成功。近年来的气候变化给农作物生产和产量带来了不确定性。我们能够保证微繁殖植物的芽生产，这将确保植物生产并提高产量。 更好地了解兰花分生组织的形成将有助于保护物种免受自然栖息地的侵蚀，因为顶端分生组织的形成是进一步生长和发育的先决条件。这一积极成果也将有助于这一独特的开花植物群体的商业化。

As the Late Professor Ian Sussex stated in his review (Cell 56: 225, 1989), “The meristems make the plant”. Apical meristems (AMs) are the mother of all cells in plants. They are responsible for the formation of tissues and organs of the primary plant body. Without properly functioning AMs, land plants will not exist. Although recent advances have been made in our understanding of the formation, maintenance, and function of AMs during normal plant development, we still do not fully understand how they are initiated during embryogenesis. Tissue culture and micropropagation of plants are important approaches in commercial plant production. To be successful, AM formation is a must in the newly regenerated plants. Moreover, our understanding of AM initiation from in vitro micropropagated plants is even more limited than in vivo studies. One particularly commercially important plant is the orchid. Unlike other flowering plants, orchid AMs are absent during embryo development; instead, they are initiated after seed germination. This begs the questions as to why orchids choose this strategy in meristem initiation and what is the mechanism(s) of meristem gene regulation leading to the delay in meristem formation. Since this research program focuses on a central structure which is key to plant development, this research is important to all biologists interested in plant growth and development. The overall goal of this research program is to provide a mechanistic understanding of shoot apical meristem ontogeny in vitro using Arabidopsis embryos as explants and in vivo using the moth orchid, Phalaenopsis, developing embryos and protocorms as our experimental systems. We anticipate that we can unravel key events in meristem initiation and the associated regulatory mechanism(s) using these experimental systems. Besides theoretical contributions, we will be able to devise and/or recommend new protocols for plant micropropagation. The knowledge concerning meristem formation in vivo and in vitro is the foundation for plant biotechnology applications. The information will benefit both layman and scientists interested in plant growth and development and also to commercial growers nationally and internationally, interested in plant production. If shoot regeneration is guaranteed, this will lead to more successes in transformation studies and the generation of genetically modified plants. Climate change in recent years has brought uncertainty in crop production and yield. Our ability to guarantee shoot production in micropropagated plants will ensure plant production and improve yield. A better understanding of meristem formation in orchids will help in the conservation of species from natural habitat erosion, as apical meristem formation is a prerequisite for further growth and development. This positive outcome will also assist in the commercialization of this unique group of flowering plants.