Brain Function and Real-World Choice and Effectiveness of Intrapersonal and Social Forms of Emotion Regulation

在我们的日常生活中，我们自己(即个人内部)、他人的帮助(即情绪的社会调节)以及两者的结合来调节情绪。然而，研究的重点不成比例地集中在个人策略上。最近，人们对情绪的社会调节产生了兴趣。尽管这两种情绪调节方式都能成功地减少负面情绪，但它们的方式可能截然不同。这项拟议的研究计划的长期目标是更好地理解情绪调节的社会形式如何适应传统的情绪调节框架。情绪理论的一项社会调节理论指出，在处理压力源时，人们在与他人相处时消耗的能量较少(例如，神经激活较少)。情绪调节的个人内部形式往往会激活与抑制情绪冲动相关的神经区域(即认知控制网络)。相比之下，社交形式的情绪调节(例如，身体触摸)会使这些神经区域失活。然而，研究还没有直接比较个人内部和社会情绪调节的形式，这是验证和充分描述它们共享的和不同的神经机制所必需的。我和我的受训者打算澄清哪个神经网络(S)是理解社交和个人内部(例如，认知重新评估、接受)情绪调节形式差异的关键。认知重新评估是改变一个人对一种情况的看法，而接受是通过不加评估地观察一个人的情绪和想法的起伏而将其从情绪和想法中分离出来。在研究1中，我们将测试一种改进的情绪握手任务的社会调节，以提高生态有效性。握手任务之前使用的是标准化刺激。在这项修改后的任务中，参与者将对自己的负面信念产生个性化的刺激。在研究2.1中，我们将使用这项任务来比较个人情绪调节和社会情绪调节过程中的大脑功能。在研究2.2中，我们将研究同时进行这两种类型的情绪调节如何改变神经激活模式。我们将比较通常单独进行内部策略时的大脑功能，以及同时进行握手时的大脑功能。在研究3中，我们将考察研究2.1和研究2.2中确定的神经网络(S)是否在人们在日常生活中如何调节自己的情绪中发挥作用。我们将测试这些神经网络中的个体差异是否与：(1)更频繁地使用社交策略而不是个人内部策略；以及(2)更多地受益于社交策略而不是个人内部策略。这些发现将在情绪调节领域取得进展，并对亲密关系如何改善幸福感产生影响。HQP将接受神经科学概念、方法和分析技能方面的培训。这些结果将支持加拿大作为神经科学领先者的声誉。

In our daily lives, we regulate emotions on our own (i.e., intrapersonally), with the help of other people (i.e., social regulation of emotion), and through a combination of the two. However, research disproportionally focuses on intrapersonal strategies. Recently, interest in the social regulation of emotion has been emerging. Even though both forms of emotion regulation may successfully decrease negative emotion, they may do so in meaningfully different ways. The long-term goal of the proposed research program is to better understand how social forms of emotion regulation fit into traditional frameworks of emotion regulation. A social regulation of emotion theory states that when dealing with stressors, people expend less energy (e.g., less neural activation) when in the company of other people. Intrapersonal forms of emotion regulation tend to activate neural areas related to inhibiting emotional impulses (i.e., the cognitive control network). In contrast, social forms of emotion regulation (e.g., physical touch) deactivate these neural areas. Studies though have yet to directly compare intrapersonal and social forms of emotion regulation, which is needed to verify and fully characterize their shared and distinct neural mechanisms. My trainees and I intend to clarify which neural network(s) is key to understanding how social and intrapersonal (e.g., cognitive reappraisal, acceptance) forms of emotion regulation differ. Cognitive reappraisal is changing how one thinks about a situation, and acceptance is "decentering" from one's emotions and thoughts by nonevaluatively observing them as they rise and pass. In Study 1, we will test a modified social regulation of emotion handholding task that enhances ecological validity. Handholding tasks have previously used standardized stimuli. In this modified task, participants will create personalized stimuli of negative beliefs about themselves. In Study 2.1, we will use this task to compare brain function during intrapersonal versus social regulation of emotion. In Study 2.2, we will examine how doing both types of emotion regulation simultaneously changes neural activation patterns. We will compare brain function when typically intrapersonal strategies are conducted on their own versus when they are conducted concurrently with handholding. In Study 3, we will examine whether neural network(s) identified in Studies 2.1 and 2.2 play a role in how people regulate their emotions in daily life. We will test whether individual differences in these neural networks are related to: (1) using social versus intrapersonal strategies more often; and (2) benefiting more from social versus intrapersonal strategies. Findings will make advancements in the field of emotion regulation and have implications for how close relationships improve well-being. HQP will be trained in neuroscience conceptual, methodological, and analytical skills. These outcomes will support Canada's reputation as a leader in neuroscience.