Marine Epidemiology

全球鱼类生产正从渔业向水产养殖过渡。一些沿海海域现在被管理用于水产养殖生产，在这些海域，驯养鱼类的种群可以与野生鱼类交换传染病。野生动物和家养动物之间寄生虫传播（从病毒到外寄生桡足类）的加剧是出现传染病的主要风险因素。随着水产养殖的扩大，养殖鱼类的疾病也随之出现，并已成为渔业和保护的一个挑战。拟议的研究有四个相互关联的项目：项目1是对鱼类疾病出现的全球模式的荟萃分析。在所有野生脊椎动物中，鱼类的疾病发病率最高，大多数病例涉及以驯养鱼类为主要原因的传播。这意味着野生鱼类疾病的出现与驯化形式有关，但尚不清楚与水产养殖类型、病原体特征、环境因素以及生态和进化机制有关的风险。项目2涉及野生和养殖鱼类之间疾病相互作用的理论模型，包括疾病传播的生态特征、毒力和抗药性的演变以及管理因素。我们将建立和分析数学模型，以评估这些过程的相对贡献，以表征可持续渔业和水产养殖可以运作的参数空间。研究结果将提供一个新的框架，了解沿海地区出现的传染病，可以适用于多种situation.Project 3涉及实地考察，将评估加拿大最宝贵的野生鲑鱼种群的感染风险沿着移民路线，通过加拿大最富有成效的鲑鱼养殖区。现场工作将使用多阶段过滤过程和定量分子分析（qPCR）来分析沿着野生幼鲑迁徙路线的海水中的感染性微生物群落，以量化30种不同种类的寄生虫（病毒到桡足类）的分布，这些寄生虫可以感染野生幼鲑。项目4将使用孵化场饲养的幼鱼的药物处理组和对照组进行对照实验，以评估保护野生幼鲑鱼免受细菌和甲壳类寄生虫侵害可以在多大程度上提高成年鲑鱼的回报。这些实验将提供在治疗和招聘之间的海洋迁移的野生鱼类的招聘的多个物种的寄生作用的原位数据。这些数据将对加拿大水产养殖科学和政策具有重要意义，并提供了对自然宿主-寄生虫系统的罕见见解。

Global fish production is in a transition from fisheries to aquaculture. Some coastal seas are now managed for aquaculture production, where populations of domesticated fish can exchange infectious diseases with wild fish. The intensification of parasite transmission (ranging from viruses to ectoparasitic copepods) between wild and domesticated animals is a primary risk factor or the emergence of infectious diseases. Diseases of farmed fish have emerged concurrently with aquaculture expansion, and have become a challenge also for fisheries and conservation. The proposed research has four interrelated projects:Project 1 is a meta-analysis of global patterns of disease emergence in fish. Across wild vertebrates, fishes have the highest rates of disease emergence, and most cases involve transmission with domesticated fishes as a primary cause. This implies that disease emergence in wild fish is tied to forms of domestication, but it is not clear the risks in relation to types of aquaculture, characteristics of disease agents, environmental factors, and ecological and evolutionary mechanisms. The research will quantify the level of risk of these factors for disease emergence.Project 2 involves theoretical modelling of disease interactions between wild and farmed fish, including ecological features of disease transmission, evolutionary changes in virulence and drug resistance, and management factors. We will build and analyze mathematical models to evaluate the relative contributions of these processes to characterize the parameter space within which sustainable fisheries and aquaculture can operate. The results will provide a new framework for understanding the emergence of infectious diseases in coastal seas that can be applied to multiple situations.Project 3 involves fieldwork that will evaluate the infection risks to Canada's most valuable populations of wild salmon along migration routes through the Canada's most productive salmon farming areas. The fieldwork will analyze the infectious microbial communities in seawater at locations along wild juvenile salmon migration routes using a multi-stage filtration process and quantitative molecular analysis (qPCR) to quantify the distribution of 30 different species of parasites (viruses to copepods) that can infect wild juvenile salmon. Project 4 will conduct controlled experiments using drug treated and control groups of juvenile fish raised in a hatchery to assess the extent to which protecting wild juvenile salmon from bacterial and crustacean parasites can improve returns of adult salmon. These experiments will provide in-situ data on the role of parasitism by multiple species on the recruitment for a wild fish with an oceanic migration between treatment and recruitment. The data will be of importance to Canadian science and policy on aquaculture, and give a rare insight into natural host-parasite systems overall.