Towards Distributed, Resilient, and Integrated Energy Systems

加拿大应对气候变化的行动要求迫切需要减少能源和交通运输这两个污染最严重的行业的温室气体排放。增加分布式能源的承载能力、交通电气化和增加可再生燃料(如氢气)的生产，被确定为关键的低碳解决方案。然而，这类技术的广泛采用正在创造能源生产、交易、分配和利用方式的范式转变。尽管这种转变是无与伦比的，但它伴随着严峻的技术实施挑战，可能会达到回报递减的地步。为此，拟议的研究计划寻求通过为能源部门在向低碳系统演变过程中面临的关键问题和集成障碍开发及时和原创的解决方案来促进知识和工程实践。具体地说，与电力、天然气和运输系统的设计和运营实践相关的技术和经济方面将全部结合在一起，形成一个低碳和可再生的综合能源系统(IES)。在这方面，将建立新的IESS设计优化模型。优化模型将被用作决策支持工具箱，以评估和加强与采用IES相关的技术和经济方面，以：(1)促进可再生能源的高渗透率的无缝整合，(2)为电力和天然气系统提供灵活的操作选择，以及(3)通过提供可靠和可持续的氢气加气站，增加燃料电池电动汽车的采用，以与电池汽车竞争。此外，还将开发一个完全分布式的通信平台，利用物联网技术提高工业园区控制单元之间的消息可靠性、互操作性和可扩展性。该平台将用于开发基于区块链的交互能源系统和定价机制，以控制和管理Less的分布式决策。此外，将调查对信息和通信技术中心的网络物理安全构成挑战的问题，并开发创新的分布式解决方案，以加强信息和通信技术中心预防、应对和恢复网络威胁的能力。在整个研究过程中产生的新知识和解决方案将开始将加拿大的IES利益相关者置于这一新兴能源未来的前沿。拟议的IES框架将提高电网的可靠性、弹性和安全性，并促进无缝采用高渗透率的可再生能源和电动汽车。反过来，这将有助于确保更清洁、可持续和负担得起的能源交付，为新的市场结构奠定基础，并为加拿大客户提供更高的服务质量。

Canada' action on climate change has mandated the urgent need to cut down greenhouse gas emissions from energy and transportation-the two most polluting sectors. Increasing the hosting capacity of distributed energy resources, electrification of transportation, and increasing the production of renewable fuel (e.g., hydrogen), are identified as the key low-carbon solutions. Yet, the widespread adoption of such technologies is creating a paradigm shift of the way energy is produced, traded, distributed, and utilized. Although such a shift is peerless, it is accompanied with serious technological implementation challenges that might reach the point of diminishing returns. To that end, the proposed research program seeks to advance knowledge and engineering practices through the development of timely and original solutions to key problems and integration barriers facing the energy sector during the evolution towards low-carbon systems. Specifically, the technical and economic aspects related to the design and operation practices of power, natural gas, and transport systems will be combined all together into a low-carbon and  integrated energy system (IES). In this regard, new optimization models for the design of IESs will be formulated. The optimization models will be utilized as a decision-making support toolbox to evaluate and enhance the technical and economic aspects associated with the adoption of IES in order to: (1) facilitate seamless integration for high penetration levels of renewable energy resources, (2) provide flexible operation options for the electricity and natural gas systems, and (3) increase the adoption of fuel cell electric vehicles to compete with battery-based ones through the provision of reliable and sustainable hydrogen fuelling stations. Also, a fully distributed communication platform will be developed to enhance message reliability, interoperability, and scalability among control units of IES by utilizing the Internet of Things technologies. The platform will be used to develop a blockchain-based transactive energy system and pricing mechanisms to control and manage distributed decision makings in IESs. Further, issues that would challenge the cyber-physical security of IESs will be investigated and innovative distributed solutions will be developed in order to strengthen the capability of IESs to prevent, and respond to and recover from cyber threats. The new knowledge and solutions generated throughout this research will begin to situate IES stakeholders in Canada at the forefront of this emerging energy future. The proposed IES framework will improve the grid reliability, resiliency, security, and facilitate seamless adoption for high penetration levels of renewable generation and electric vehicles. This will, in turn, help ensure cleaner, sustainable, and affordable delivery of energy, foundations for new market structures, and a higher service quality for customers in Canada.