Grid Transition: New Generation Methodologies and Tools for Reliable Protection

电气化是20世纪最重要的工程成就之一，它导致了大规模电力系统的出现。在现代社会中，电力为几乎所有的活动和企业提供动力。电能必须在可靠性、可持续性、成本和环境影响等日益严格的条件下大量生产和输送。因此，现代电力系统变得越来越复杂。电力系统正处于向混合和电子系统过渡的过程中，这些系统包括高压直流(HVDC)连接、采用先进通信网络开发的控制系统、静止补偿器，以及更多份额的可再生能源(也被标记为基于逆变器的资源(IBR))。推动这一转变的技术是电压型变流器(VSC)，它是电力电子变流器的一种。它是这些“新”资源和连接中必不可少的网格集成组件。VSC可以提供具有快速响应时间的高级网格服务。它们的动力学和固有特性不同于已有充分研究和文献记载的传统机电同步发电机。越来越多的基于VSC的资源和连接装置影响着电力系统的动态行为和故障响应。系统操作员可使用的现有计算机工具和方法在设计时不一定考虑到VSC的动态响应和控制方案。电力系统中的故障是指任何异常电流。故障频繁发生，需要迅速排除故障，以确保设备、人员和系统的总体安全。目前的系统保护方案是使用传统的保护模型和简单的方法来设计的，通常不能识别VSC的具体特性，从而导致非常保守或无效的保护方案。通过模拟或记录的事件，已证明几个保护要素受到IBR整合的影响。有必要了解IBR增加整合对短路水平的集体影响以及整个网络中现有保护方案的性能。现有的影响研究主要考虑IBR的有限或孤立整合，如联络线配置。目前世界上可再生能源的扩展和整合强烈依赖于数学模型和先进的模拟工具。加拿大和北美的情况也是如此。这些模型允许设计控制策略、规划和保护方案。今天，实践工程师试图用他们现有的工具和模型来研究和分析他们的“新”系统。这项建议将通过提供新的建模、分析、控制和仿真方法，促进现代能源电网领域的知识，并在其可靠保护和运行方面向前迈进一步。

Electrification, one of the most important engineering achievements of the 20th century, has led to large-scale power systems. Electricity powers almost every activity and enterprise in modern society. Electrical energy must be produced and delivered in larger quantities and under increasingly stringent conditions of reliability, sustainability, cost, and environmental impacts. Modern power systems are therefore increasingly complex. Power systems are in the process of transition to hybrid and electronic systems accommodating High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) connections, control systems developed with advanced communication networks, static compensators, and higher shares of renewable energy sources also tagged as Inverter-based Resources (IBRs). The technology driving this transition is the Voltage Source Converter (VSC) which is a type of power electronics converters. It is the essential grid-integration component in these "new" resources and connections. VSCs can provide advanced grid services with fast response times. Their dynamics and inherent characteristics are different from well-studied and documented conventional electromechanical synchronous generators. The increasing installations of VSC based resources and connections affect the dynamic behavior and fault response of power systems. The existing computer tools and methods available to system operators are not necessarily designed with the dynamic response and control schemes of VSCs in mind. A fault in power systems is any abnormal current. Faults happen frequently and need to be cleared very quickly for the safety of equipment, people, and system in general. Present system protection schemes are designed using traditional protection models and simple approaches that normally fail to recognize the specific characteristics of VSCs, thus leading to very conservative or ineffective protection schemes. Several protection elements have been demonstrated to be influenced by the integration of IBRs either by simulations or recorded events. There is a need to understand the collective impact of increased integration of IBRs on short-circuit levels and the performance of the existing protection schemes throughout the network. The existing impact studies mainly consider limited or isolated integration of IBRs such as tie line configurations. The current expansion and integration of renewable energy sources in the world strongly relies on mathematical models and advanced simulation tools. This is also the case in Canada and North America. The models allow designing control strategies, planning, and protection schemes. Today, practicing engineers try to study and analyze their "new" systems with their existing tools and models. This proposal will advance the knowledge in the field of modern energy grids and provide a step forward in their reliable protection and hence operation by offering new modeling, analysis, control, and simulation methodologies.