Identifying multi-scale drivers of biodiversity and ecosystem services to build multifunctional working landscapes

人类种植粮食和采伐木材的活动也会造成生物多样性的丧失和生态系统的变化，从而威胁到人类福祉所依赖的生态系统服务(人类从自然中获得的利益)。面对这些变化，多功能--景观提供多种服务的能力--是一个日益重要的可持续发展目标。然而，多功能的关键驱动因素仍然不清楚，而且可能在空间尺度上有所不同，景观异质性和生物多样性都被认为是重要的驱动因素。我的研究试图对工作景观中多功能的生态驱动因素进行多尺度的理解。在接下来的5年里，我将把来自(1)实地调查和(2)大陆尺度数据分析的证据整合到(3)预测模型中，为景观尺度的决策提供信息。(1)景观结构对物种移动、功能多样性和生态系统服务功能有重要影响。然而，很少有研究调查真实环境中多项服务的这些联系。利用不列颠哥伦比亚省下弗雷泽山谷的工作景观，我将采样节肢动物、鸟类和树木的功能多样性，以及八种生态系统服务的替代指标，跨越景观异质性的梯度。研究结果将促进对土地利用变化、功能多样性和提供多种生态系统服务之间的联系的理解。(2)在更广泛的空间尺度上，多功能的多种驱动因素可能很重要(例如，气候、土地利用强度)，但在不同尺度上会有所不同并相互作用。然而，缺乏识别导致多功能景观的驱动因素组合的多尺度分析。利用生物多样性和生态系统服务的新的国家和全球数据集，我将确定北美工作环境中两个尺度上多功能和鸟类生物多样性的模式和多尺度驱动因素，显著提高我们对导致不同尺度多功能的过程的理解。(3)最后，当前的生态系统服务模型未能明确地对跨规模的服务之间的交互进行建模，从而限制了对多功能的有效管理。我将更新当前的生态系统服务模型，以包括景观异质性、功能多样性和跨尺度互动的影响。然后，这些模型将被用来评估下弗雷泽山谷未来的土地使用将如何影响多功能，以便为该地区的可持续景观管理提供信息。我的研究计划将培训5名研究生和9名本科生，掌握独特的跨学科研究技能和先进的生态与空间技术。我们将开发的知识将被决策者、保护组织和农民用于在加拿大及其他地区创建多功能工作景观，以保护生物多样性并提供可持续的人类生计。

Humans activities to grow food and harvest timber also cause biodiversity loss and ecosystem changes that threaten the ecosystem services (benefits that people derive from nature) upon which human well-being depends. In the face of these changes, multifunctionality - the ability of landscapes to provide multiple services - is an increasingly critical sustainability goal. However, key drivers of multifunctionality remain unclear and likely vary across spatial scales, with landscape heterogeneity and biodiversity both proposed as important drivers. My research seeks to create a multi-scale understanding of the ecological drivers of multifunctionality in working landscapes. Over the next 5 years I will integrate evidence from (1) empirical fieldwork and (2) continental-scale data analyses into (3) predictive models to inform landscape-scale decision-making. (1) Landscape structure has important effects on species movement, functional diversity, and ecosystem services. Yet, there are few studies that investigate these links for multiple services in real landscapes. Using the working landscapes of the Lower Fraser Valley of BC, I will sample arthropod, bird, and tree functional diversity and proxies for eight ecosystem services across gradients of landscape heterogeneity. The results will advance understanding of the links between land use change, functional diversity, and the provision of multiple ecosystem services. (2) At broader spatial scales, multiple drivers of multifunctionality are likely important (e.g., climate, land use intensity) but will vary and interact across scales. However, multi-scale analyses that identify combinations of drivers that lead to multifunctional landscapes are lacking. Taking advantage of new national and global datasets of biodiversity and ecosystem services, I will determine the patterns and multi-scale drivers of multifunctionality and bird biodiversity across two scales in North American working landscapes, significantly improving our understanding of processes that lead to multifunctionality at different scales. (3) Finally, current ecosystem service models fail to explicitly model interactions between services across scales, limiting effective management for multifunctionality. I will update current ecosystem service models to include the effects of landscape heterogeneity, functional diversity, and cross-scale interactions. These models will then be used to evaluate how future land use in the Lower Fraser Valley will impact multifunctionality in order to inform sustainable landscape management in the region. My research program will train 5 graduate and 9 undergraduate students in unique interdisciplinary research skills and advanced ecological and spatial techniques. The knowledge we will develop will be used by decision-makers, conservation organizations, and farmers to create multifunctional working landscapes in Canada and beyond that conserve biodiversity and provide sustainable human livelihoods.