La Neurobiologie de la parole et de l'audition

这个跨学科研究计划的总体目标是了解大脑衰老和经验诱导的大脑可塑性如何塑造人类成年大脑的解剖结构和功能，并影响感知和产生语音的能力-人类交流的基本组成部分。该计划的第一个具体目标是研究语音系统内的可塑性及其对年轻人和老年人大脑活动和语音表现的影响，并确定可变性的来源。为了实现这些目标，将进行几项结合非侵入性脑刺激（NIBS），言语，语言和听力行为测量以及脑电图（EEG）的研究，每项研究都针对言语系统的不同组成部分。这项工作将量化神经言语系统不同组成部分的可塑性，并揭示年龄是否会降低该系统的可塑性。第二个目标是通过结合NIBS、EEG和MRI的两项纵向训练研究来表征语音系统内外结构和功能变化的性质和轨迹及其与语音产生和感知性能的关系。在每项研究中，将对三组健康的年轻人和老年人进行比较：仅进行语音训练，仅进行NIBS，以及联合训练+NIBS。预计NIBS将增强甚至快速跟踪语音训练的效果;训练+NIBS组将更快地显示出更高的收益，特别是年轻人。培训将侧重于提高言语感知和表达能力。最后，第三个目标是利用作为程序的一部分产生的知识来开发第一个言语理论，该理论整合了不断发挥作用的对抗力量的概念：衰老和可塑性。一个现实的言语功能神经生物学模型的发展将产生变革性的影响，产生的预测，将指导经验的言语研究，并提供一个框架，解释的结果。通过推进有关NIBS和大脑可塑性的知识，该计划将刺激方法的发展，并加速对认知老化的研究。这一知识也可能导致大脑增强技术和认知刺激行业的创新，尽管有足够的科学支持，这些技术仍然蓬勃发展。这些技术可以促进语言学习，提高沟通技能，促进健康老龄化。

The overall goal of this interdisciplinary research program is to understand how brain senescence and experience-induced brain plasticity can shape the anatomy and functioning of the human adult brain and impact the ability to perceive and produce speech sounds -the basic building blocks of human communication. The first specific objective of this program is to study plasticity within the speech system and its impact on brain activity and speech performance in young and older adults, and to identify the sources of variability. To achieve these goals, several studies combining non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), behavioural measures of speech, language and hearing, and electroencephalography (EEG) will be conducted, each targeting a different component of the speech system. This work will quantify plasticity in the different components of the neural speech system and reveal whether age reduces plasticity in this system. The second goal is to characterize the nature and trajectory of structural and functional changes within and beyond the speech system and their relationship to speech production and perception performance through two longitudinal training studies combining NIBS, EEG and MRI. In each study, three groups of healthy young and older adults will be compared: speech training only, NIBS only, and combined training+NIBS. It is expected that NIBS will enhance and even fast-track the effect of speech training; the training+NIBS group will show higher gains more rapidly, especially the younger adults. Training will focus on enhancing speech perception and production. Finally, the third goal is to use the knowledge generated as part of the program to develop the first theory of speech that integrates the notion of antagonistic forces constantly at play: senescence and plasticity. The development of a realistic neurobiological model of speech functions will have a transformative effect by generating predictions that will guide empirical speech research and provide a framework for interpreting findings. By advancing knowledge about NIBS and brain plasticity, this program will stimulate methodological developments and accelerate research on cognitive aging. This knowledge could also lead to innovation in the industry of brain-enhancing technologies and cognitive stimulation, which are flourishing despite adequate scientific support. Such technologies can facilitate language learning, enhance communication skills and promote healthy aging.