The use of a running wheel to measure activity in rodents: relationship to energy balance, general activity, and reward.
The use of a running wheel to measure activity in rodents: relationship to energy balance, general activity, and reward.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.12.012
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发表时间：
2012-03
影响因子：
8.2
通讯作者：
Levine, James A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Novak, Colleen M.;Burghardt, Paul R.;Levine, James A.
跑步轮通常用于在各种情况下测量啮齿动物的身体活动，包括能量平衡和肥胖的研究。然而，关于车轮运行活动的性质或其根本原因，还没有达成共识。在这里，我们将开始系统地审查如何运行轮的可用性影响体力活动和其他方面的能量平衡实验室啮齿动物。虽然在没有轮子的情况下，轮子运行和身体活动通常在一般意义上相互关联，但在许多特定方面，两者并不对应。事实上，跑步轮的存在改变了能量平衡的几个方面，包括体重和成分，食物摄入量和活动的能量消耗。我们认为，车轮运行活动应被视为一种行为本身，反映了几个潜在的行为过程，除了啮齿动物的一般，自发活动。这些行为过程包括防御行为、掠夺性攻击、抑郁和焦虑样行为。因为它涉及到能量平衡，转轮跑涉及到几个大脑系统，包括那些与压力反应、情绪和奖励有关的系统，以及那些对生长因子有反应的系统，这些系统间接地影响能量平衡。我们认为，车轮运行行为代表的因素，除了啮齿动物的倾向是身体活跃，从事额外的神经和生理机制，然后可以独立地改变能量平衡和行为。考虑到车轮运行行为的影响，许多重叠的系统，影响行为和生理，这篇评论概述了需要仔细设计和解释的研究，利用运行车轮作为一种手段，锻炼或作为一般的身体活动的测量。
Running wheels are commonly employed to measure rodent physical activity in a variety of contexts, including studies of energy balance and obesity. There is no consensus on the nature of wheel-running activity or its underlying causes, however. Here, we will begin by systematically reviewing how running wheel availability affects physical activity and other aspects of energy balance in laboratory rodents. While wheel running and physical activity in the absence of a wheel commonly correlate in a general sense, in many specific aspects the two do not correspond. In fact, the presence of running wheels alters several aspects of energy balance, including body weight and composition, food intake, and energy expenditure of activity. We contend that wheel-running activity should be considered a behavior in and of itself, reflecting several underlying behavioral processes in addition to a rodent's general, spontaneous activity. These behavioral processes include defensive behavior, predatory aggression, and depression- and anxiety-like behaviors. As it relates to energy balance, wheel running engages several brain systems—including those related to the stress response, mood, and reward, and those responsive to growth factors—that influence energy balance indirectly. We contend that wheel-running behavior represents factors in addition to rodents' tendency to be physically active, engaging additional neural and physiological mechanisms which can then independently alter energy balance and behavior. Given the impact of wheel-running behavior on numerous overlapping systems that influence behavior and physiology, this review outlines the need for careful design and interpretation of studies that utilize running wheels as a means for exercise or as a measurement of general physical activity.
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DOI：
10.1038/npp.2010.144
发表时间：
2011-01
期刊：
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
影响因子：
--
作者：
通讯作者：
--
影响因子：
120.7
作者：
Church, Timothy S.;Earnest, Conrad P.;Blair, Steven N.
通讯作者：
Blair, Steven N.
DOI：
10.1249/01.mss.0000106184.71258.32
发表时间：
2004-01-01
影响因子：
4.1
作者：
Bassett, DR;Schneider, PL;Huntington, GE
通讯作者：
Huntington, GE
影响因子：
2.9
作者：
Burghardt, PR;Fulk, LJ;Wilson, MA
通讯作者：
Wilson, MA
影响因子：
1.9
作者：
Clifton, PG;Vickers, SP;Somerville, EM
通讯作者：
Somerville, EM