Greater migratory propensity in hosts lowers pathogen transmission and impacts.
Greater migratory propensity in hosts lowers pathogen transmission and impacts.
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DOI：
10.1111/1365-2656.12204
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发表时间：
2014-09
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Bartel RA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hall RJ;Altizer S;Bartel RA
动物迁徙是壮观的，迁徙物种已被证明传播对人类健康构成风险的病原体。尽管移民通常被认为可以促进病原体的传播，但经验研究表明，移民往往会产生降低疾病风险的相反效果。评估对迁徙物种的疾病威胁的关键是预测迁徙行为如何影响病原体入侵成功和对迁徙寄主的影响，从而激发对迁徙寄主-病原体相互作用的机械性理解。在这里，我们开发了一个定量框架来检查每年在越冬地和繁殖地之间进行双向定向迁徙的动物中的病原体传播。以病原体在寄主繁殖季节传播为例，我们证明了更极端的迁移策略(由离开繁殖地的时间和迁移的总距离定义)降低了病原体入侵的可能性。此外，如果迁徙大大降低了受感染动物的存活概率，那么在繁殖地点停留的时间相对较短或迁徙距离较长的种群就不太容易受到病原体诱导的种群数量下降的影响。这些发现为解释季节性迁徙如何降低感染风险而提出的两种非排他性机制提供了理论支持：(I)逃离寄生虫传播阶段积累的栖息地，(Ii)在艰苦的旅程中选择性地清除受感染的宿主。我们的工作进一步表明，长途迁徙的障碍可能会增加脆弱物种的病原体流行率，这一影响已经在一些正在经历人类诱导的迁徙转变的动物物种中看到。
Animal migrations are spectacular and migratory species have been shown to transmit pathogens that pose risks to human health. Although migration is commonly assumed to enhance pathogen dispersal, empirical work indicates that migration can often have the opposite effect of lowering disease risk. Key to assessing disease threats to migratory species is the ability to predict how migratory behaviour influences pathogen invasion success and impacts on migratory hosts, thus motivating a mechanistic understanding of migratory host-pathogen interactions. Here we develop a quantitative framework to examine pathogen transmission in animals that undergo two-way directed migrations between wintering and breeding grounds annually. Using the case of a pathogen transmitted during the hosts’ breeding season, we show that a more extreme migratory strategy (defined by the time spent away from the breeding site and the total distance migrated) lowers the probability of pathogen invasion. Moreover, if migration substantially lowers the survival probability of infected animals, then populations that spend comparatively less time at the breeding site or that migrate longer distances are less vulnerable to pathogen-induced population declines. These findings provide theoretical support for two non-exclusive mechanisms proposed to explain how seasonal migration can lower infection risk: (i) escape from habitats where parasite transmission stages have accumulated, and (ii) selective removal of infected hosts during strenuous journeys. Our work further suggests that barriers to long distance movement could increase pathogen prevalence for vulnerable species, an effect already seen in some animal species undergoing anthropogenically induced migratory shifts.
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