The Science for Profit Model-How and why corporations influence science and the use of science in policy and practice.
The Science for Profit Model-How and why corporations influence science and the use of science in policy and practice.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0253272
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发表时间：
2021
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Gilmore AB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Legg T;Hatchard J;Gilmore AB
科学一直是包括烟草、化工和制药在内的主要行业试图通过掩盖行业危害和反对监管来拖延应对对人类和地球健康威胁的进展的核心。这种影响的某些方面得到了很好的记录，其他方面仍然知之甚少，行业之间的相似性仍然没有得到充分的探索。因此，这项研究的目的是综合文献，建立一个基于证据的类型和企业对科学的影响模型，以提供对这一多方面现象的概述。我们从数据库搜索、书目、专家建议和网络警报中获得了考察企业试图影响科学以及在政策和实践中使用科学的文献；使用改进的范围审查方法(n=68)。通过解释分析，我们形成了盈利科学的类型和模型。我们确定了八个反复从事影响科学活动的企业部门，包括：操纵科学方法；重塑建立科学“证据”的标准；威胁科学家；以及秘密推动增加对行业证据的依赖的政策改革。该类型学确定了八个行业一致使用的五个宏观层面的战略，包括19个中观层面的战略。该模型展示了这些策略是如何工作的，以最大限度地扩大对行业有利的科学的数量、可信度、覆盖面和使用，同时最小化对行业不利的科学的这些相同方面。这造成了对行业产品/做法的危害或影响行业的政策的有效性的怀疑；促进了行业偏向的政策回应和行业产品作为解决方案；并使行业作为科学利益攸关方的作用合法化。这些努力最终有助于削弱政策，防止诉讼，并最大限度地利用行业产品/实践-最大化企业盈利能力。我们提供了一种通俗易懂的方式来了解公司如何以及为什么影响科学，展示集体解决方案的必要性，并讨论确保科学工作符合公众利益所需的变化。
Science has been at the centre of attempts by major industries, including tobacco, chemical, and pharmaceutical, to delay progress in tackling threats to human and planetary health by, inter alia, obscuring industry harms, and opposing regulation. Some aspects of this influence are well documented, others remain poorly understood, and similarities between industries remain underexplored. This study, therefore, aims to synthesise the literature to develop an evidence-based typology and model of corporate influence on science in order to provide an overview of this multi-faceted phenomenon. We obtained literature examining corporate attempts to influence science and the use of science in policy and practice from: database searches, bibliographies, expert recommendations, and web alerts; using a modified scoping review methodology (n = 68). Through interpretive analysis we developed the Science for Profit Typology and Model. We identified eight corporate sectors repeatedly engaging in activities to influence science, including: manipulation of scientific methods; reshaping of criteria for establishing scientific “proof”; threats against scientists; and clandestine promotion of policy reforms that increase reliance on industry evidence. The typology identifies five macro-level strategies used consistently across the eight industries, comprising 19 meso-level strategies. The model shows how these strategies work to maximise the volume, credibility, reach, and use of industry-favourable science, while minimising these same aspects of industry-unfavourable science. This creates doubt about harms of industry products/practices or efficacy of policies affecting industry; promotes industry-favoured policy responses and industry products as solutions; and legitimises industry’s role as scientific stakeholder. These efforts ultimately serve to weaken policy, prevent litigation, and maximise use of industry products/practices—maximising corporate profitability. We provide an accessible way to understand how and why corporations influence science, demonstrate the need for collective solutions, and discuss changes needed to ensure science works in the public interest.
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影响因子：
10.8
作者：
Baum FE;Sanders DM;Fisher M;Anaf J;Freudenberg N;Friel S;Labonté R;London L;Monteiro C;Scott-Samuel A;Sen A
通讯作者：
Sen A
影响因子：
12.7
作者：
Jernigan, David H.
通讯作者：
Jernigan, David H.
影响因子：
5.2
作者：
Cohen JE;Zeller M;Eissenberg T;Parascandola M;O'Keefe R;Planinac L;Leischow S
通讯作者：
Leischow S
影响因子：
6.6
作者：
Brownell, Kelly D.;Warner, Kenneth E.
通讯作者：
Warner, Kenneth E.
影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Hancock, Linda;Ralph, Natalie;Martino, Florentine Petronella
通讯作者：
Martino, Florentine Petronella