Protozoan co-infections and parasite influence on the efficacy of vaccines against bacterial and viral pathogens.
Protozoan co-infections and parasite influence on the efficacy of vaccines against bacterial and viral pathogens.
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DOI：
10.3389/fmicb.2022.1020029
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Parveen, Nikhat
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Akoolo, Lavoisier;Rocha, Sandra C.;Parveen, Nikhat
多种原生动物病原体通过载体（疟原虫、巴贝虫、利什曼原虫和锥虫）、受污染的食物或水（内阿米巴和贾第虫）或性接触（毛滴虫）传播，侵入人体的各个器官，引起严重的人类疾病，如疟疾、巴贝西虫病、利什曼病、锥虫病、腹泻和滴虫病。人类经常同时或在高发地区相继接触多种病原体，从而导致双重感染。因此，微生物之间可能发生协同或拮抗的致病作用，这也会影响宿主的整体反应和疾病的严重程度。共感染生物体也可以遵循独立的轨迹。无论哪种情况，共同感染都会改变宿主和病原体的代谢微环境，损害宿主的免疫状态，并影响微生物的致病性，从而影响组织定植。原生动物的免疫调节通常会对针对共感染细菌病原体的细胞和体液免疫反应产生不利影响，并促进细菌持续存在，并导致更严重的疾病症状。尽管原生动物和病毒的共同感染也发生在人类中，但尚未进行广泛的研究，可能是因为可用于这两种病原体的动物模型系统有限。原生动物感染的免疫抑制作用也会减弱疫苗的功效，削弱免疫记忆的发育，从而减弱对共同感染病原体的保护。由于寄生虫感染的发生率不断增加，急性至慢性原虫感染对免疫变化的作用需要进行广泛的研究，以提高对特异性免疫反应改变的机制细节的理解。事实上，这种现象应该被认真考虑为针对细菌和病毒病原体接种疫苗后突破性感染以及耐药菌株出现的原因之一。此类研究将有助于开发和实施有效的疫苗接种和治疗方案，以预防或显着减少突破性感染。
A wide range of protozoan pathogens either transmitted by vectors (Plasmodium, Babesia, Leishmania and Trypanosoma), by contaminated food or water (Entamoeba and Giardia), or by sexual contact (Trichomonas) invade various organs in the body and cause prominent human diseases, such as malaria, babesiosis, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, diarrhea, and trichomoniasis. Humans are frequently exposed to multiple pathogens simultaneously, or sequentially in the high-incidence regions to result in co-infections. Consequently, synergistic or antagonistic pathogenic effects could occur between microbes that also influences overall host responses and severity of diseases. The co-infecting organisms can also follow independent trajectory. In either case, co-infections change host and pathogen metabolic microenvironments, compromise the host immune status, and affect microbial pathogenicity to influence tissue colonization. Immunomodulation by protozoa often adversely affects cellular and humoral immune responses against co-infecting bacterial pathogens and promotes bacterial persistence, and result in more severe disease symptoms. Although co-infections by protozoa and viruses also occur in humans, extensive studies are not yet conducted probably because of limited animal model systems available that can be used for both groups of pathogens. Immunosuppressive effects of protozoan infections can also attenuate vaccines efficacy, weaken immunological memory development, and thus attenuate protection against co-infecting pathogens. Due to increasing occurrence of parasitic infections, roles of acute to chronic protozoan infection on immunological changes need extensive investigations to improve understanding of the mechanistic details of specific immune responses alteration. In fact, this phenomenon should be seriously considered as one cause of breakthrough infections after vaccination against both bacterial and viral pathogens, and for the emergence of drug-resistant bacterial strains. Such studies would facilitate development and implementation of effective vaccination and treatment regimens to prevent or significantly reduce breakthrough infections.
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影响因子：
3.8
作者：
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通讯作者：
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影响因子：
3.1
作者：
BECK, HP;FELGER, I;ALPERS, M
通讯作者：
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影响因子：
2.2
作者：
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通讯作者：
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影响因子：
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作者：
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通讯作者：
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影响因子：
6.4
作者：
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通讯作者：
GIRON, JA