Upconversion in photodynamic therapy: plumbing the depths.
Upconversion in photodynamic therapy: plumbing the depths.
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DOI：
10.1039/c8dt00087e
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发表时间：
2018-07-14
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Hamblin MR
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文献类型：
--
作者：
Hamblin MR
光动力疗法（PDT）包括称为光敏剂（PS）的无毒染料和无害的可见光的结合，这些染料与环境氧相互作用产生活性氧（ROS），活性氧可以破坏生物分子并杀死细胞。PDT主要用于癌症治疗，但也可用于对抗局部感染的抗菌方法。然而，即使是用于激发PS的最长波长（700m nm区域）也具有相对较差的组织穿透性，许多PS被蓝光和绿光激发的效果要好得多。因此，上转换纳米粒子（UCNPs）已经被研究，以允许更深穿透近红外光（980 nm或810 nm）用于PDT。掺杂Yb3+和Er3+或Tm3+和Er3+的NaYF4纳米颗粒通过共价偶联或吸收到涂层或外壳（用于使UCNPs具有生物相容性）附着在PS上。福斯特共振能量转移到PS，然后允许近红外光能量被转导成ROS，导致细胞杀伤和肿瘤消退。一些实验研究已经证明了UCNP-PDT的深层组织优势。最近的进展包括染料敏化的UCNPs和与PS偶联的UCNPs，以及其他潜在的协同药物分子或技术。各种生物成像方式也与上转换PDT相结合。需要进一步的研究来优化UCNPs的给药能力，提高量子产率，允许静脉注射和肿瘤靶向，并确保在潜在的临床应用之前在所需剂量下缺乏毒性。
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the combination of non-toxic dyes called photosensitizers (PS) and harmless visible light that interact with ambient oxygen to give reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage biomolecules and kill cells. PDT has mostly been developed as a cancer therapy but can also be used as an antimicrobial approach against localized infections. However even the longest wavelength used for exciting PS (in the 700m nm region) has relatively poor tissue penetration, and many PS are much better excited by blue and green light. Therefore upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have been investigated in order to allow deeper-penetrating near-infrared light (980 nm or 810 nm) to be used for PDT. NaYF4 nanoparticles doped with Yb3+ and Er3+ or with Tm3+ and Er3+ have been attached to PS either by covalent conjugation, or by absorption to the coating or shell (used to render the UCNPs biocompatible). Forster resonance energy transfer to the PS then allows NIR light energy to be transduced into ROS leading to cell killing and tumor regression. Some studies have experimentally demonstrated the deep tissue advantage of UCNP-PDT. Recent advances have included dye-sensitized UCNPs and UCNPs coupled to PS, and other potentially synergistic drug molecules or techniques. A variety of bioimaging modalities have also been combined with upconversion PDT. Further studies are necessary to optimize the drug-delivery abilities of the UCNPs, improve the quantum yields, allow intravenous injection and tumor targeting, and ensure lack of toxicity at the required doses before potential clinical applications.
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