Neurobiology of the adolescent brain and behavior: implications for substance use disorders.
Neurobiology of the adolescent brain and behavior: implications for substance use disorders.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jaac.2010.08.017
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发表时间：
2010-12
影响因子：
13.3
通讯作者：
Jones RM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Casey BJ;Jones RM
目的青春期是一个发育阶段，需要在冒险行为以及酒精和药物试验方面发生实质性变化。了解大脑在这段时间内相对于童年和成年期的变化，以及这些变化在不同个体之间的差异，是预测未来药物滥用和依赖风险的关键。方法本综述在青春期的一种新兴观点的背景下讨论了最近的人类成像和动物工作，青春期的特征是早期出现的对动机刺激的夸大反应的“自下而上”系统和后来成熟的“自上而下”认知控制区之间的紧张关系。据报道，行为、临床和神经生物学证据表明，这两个系统在发育过程中是分离的。关于酒精对大脑的影响及其奖赏特性的文献在这两个系统的背景下进行了讨论。结果这些研究显示了动机行为和潜在的皮质下脑区的曲线发展，峰值出现在13-17岁。相比之下，在自上而下的行为调控中很重要的前额叶区域，在青春期表现出一种线性的发展模式，这与冲动的行为研究中看到的情况是相似的。结论青春期这些发育系统之间的紧张或不平衡可能导致认知控制过程更容易受到基于激励的调制，并增加对酒精和药物的动机特性的易感性。因此，在面对食欲暗示时需要认知控制的行为挑战可能会成为有用的生物行为标志，用于预测哪些青少年可能面临更大的酒精和物质依赖风险。
OBJECTIVEAdolescence is a developmental period that entails substantial changes in risk-taking behavior and experimentation with alcohol and drugs. Understanding how the brain is changing during this period relative to childhood and adulthood and how these changes vary across individuals are key in predicting risk for later substance abuse and dependence.METHODThis review discusses recent human imaging and animal work in the context of an emerging view of adolescence as characterized by a tension between early emerging “bottom-up” systems that express exaggerated reactivity to motivational stimuli and later maturing “top-down” cognitive control regions. Behavioral, clinical, and neurobiological evidences are reported for dissociating these two systems developmentally. The literature on the effects of alcohol and its rewarding properties in the brain is discussed in the context of these two systems.RESULTSCollectively, these studies show curvilinear development of motivational behavior and the underlying subcortical brain regions, with a peak inflection from 13 to 17 years. In contrast, prefrontal regions, important in top-down regulation of behavior, show a linear pattern of development well into young adulthood that parallels that seen in behavioral studies of impulsivity.CONCLUSIONSThe tension or imbalance between these developing systems during adolescence may lead to cognitive control processes being more vulnerable to incentive-based modulation and increased susceptibility to the motivational properties of alcohol and drugs. As such, behavior challenges that require cognitive control in the face of appetitive cues may serve as useful biobehavioral markers for predicting which teens may be at greater risk for alcohol and substance dependence.
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