The evolution and maintenance of virulence in microparasites.
The evolution and maintenance of virulence in microparasites.
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DOI：
10.3201/eid0202.960203
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发表时间：
1996-04
影响因子：
11.8
通讯作者：
Levin, BR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Levin, BR
近年来，种群和进化生物学家对传统观点提出了质疑，即寄生虫介导的发病率和死亡率“毒力”是一种原始特征，是寄生虫与其宿主之间最近联系的产物。人们提出了许多支持毒力的假设，并认为它将通过自然选择得以维持。根据其中一些假设，艾滋病毒、霍乱弧菌、结核分枝杆菌、希格氏菌以及恶性疟原虫和许多其他微寄生虫的致病性不仅是由自然选择维持的，而且它们的毒力随着环境条件或人口密度和/或行为的变化而增加或减少。其他假说认为，微寄生虫的毒力并没有直接受到自然选择的影响；相反，微寄生虫介导的发病率和死亡率要么与寄生虫表达的特性（为其他功能而进化的毒力决定因素）巧合，要么是受感染宿主短视进化的产物。本文对这些关于微寄生虫毒力进化和维持的假设进行了评述，并提出了实验验证这些假设的建议。
In recent years, population and evolutionary biologists have questioned the traditional view that parasite-mediated morbidity and mortality¿virulence¿is a primitive character and an artifact of recent associations between parasites and their hosts. A number of hypotheses have been proposed that favor virulence and suggest that it will be maintained by natural selection. According to some of these hypotheses, the pathogenicity of HIV, Vibrio cholerae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis,theShigella,as well as Plasmodium falciparum,and many other microparasites, are not only maintained by natural selection, but their virulence increases or decreases as an evolutionary response to changes in environmental conditions or the density and/or behavior of the human population. Other hypotheses propose that the virulence of microparasites is not directly favored by natural selection; rather, microparasite-mediated morbidity and mortality are either coincidental to parasite-expressed characters (virulence determinants that evolved for other functions) or the product of short-sighted evolution in infected hosts. These hypotheses for the evolution and maintenance of microparasite virulence are critically reviewed, and suggestions are made for testing them experimentally.
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DOI：
10.1098/rspb.1979.0086
发表时间：
1979-01-01
期刊：
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY SERIES B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
影响因子：
--
作者：
GOULD, SJ;LEWONTIN, RC
通讯作者：
LEWONTIN, RC
影响因子：
3
作者：
ESSEX, M;KANKI, PJ
通讯作者：
KANKI, PJ
影响因子：
2.4
作者：
ANDERSON, RM;MAY, RM
通讯作者：
MAY, RM
影响因子：
3.6
作者：
ABEDON, ST
通讯作者：
ABEDON, ST
影响因子：
5.9
作者：
BATES, JH;STEAD, WW
通讯作者：
STEAD, WW