Individual Differences in the Deterrence Process: Which Individuals Learn (Most) from Their Offending Experiences?
Individual Differences in the Deterrence Process: Which Individuals Learn (Most) from Their Offending Experiences?
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威慑过程中的个体差异：哪些人从他们的冒犯经历中学到（最多）？
DOI：
10.1007/s10940-013-9201-6
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
3.6
通讯作者：
Schulz
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Schulz
ObjectivesTo测试个人是否不同的威慑力，通过研究是否感知检测风险的犯罪经历的影响不同的犯罪propione.MethodsData从英国的“犯罪，犯罪和司法调查”，一个四波面板研究犯罪行为和受害，进行了分析。两个子样本的分析构造：一个在第一次测量的非犯罪者，以分析在研究期间获得第一次犯罪经验的影响（n= 1，279）和一个在过去一年内犯下罪行的个人样本（n= 567），以分析积极的罪犯之间的警察接触的影响。感知侦查风险对犯罪经历的固定效应回归以及犯罪经历与犯罪倾向测量之间的相互作用（风险亲和力，冲动性）estimated.ResultsAnalyses支持学习模型的形成和变化的风险认知，但个体差异的犯罪倾向是存在于威慑过程：在获得第一次犯罪经验后，冲动型个体和风险厌恶型个体比不冲动型个体或风险仿射型个体更有可能降低他们对检测概率的感知。预期的检测风险的警察接触的积极影响仅限于风险厌恶individual.ConclusionsFindings支持声称，威慑工作不同的犯罪倾向的个人。冲动性和风险亲和性的不同影响强调了在综合指数中不将犯罪倾向的组成特征结合起来的重要性，因为它们可能对威慑产生不同的影响。
ObjectivesTo test whether individuals differ in deterrability by studying whether the effect of criminal experiences on perceived detection risk varies by criminal propensity.MethodsData from the British “Offending, Crime and Justice Survey”, a four-wave panel study on criminal behavior and victimization, are analyzed. Two subsamples for analyses are constructed: one of non-offenders at first measurement, to analyze the effect of gaining first offending experiences during the time of study (n= 1,279) and one sample of individuals who have committed offenses within the past year (n= 567), to analyze the effect of police contact among active offenders. Fixed-effects regressions of perceived detection risk on criminal experiences and interactions between criminal experiences and measures of criminal propensity (risk-affinity, impulsivity) are estimated.ResultsAnalyses support learning models for the formation and change of risk perceptions, but individual differences by criminal propensity are present in the deterrence process: After gaining first offending experiences, impulsive individuals as well as risk-averse individuals are more likely to lower their perceptions about the probability of detection than less impulsive or risk-affine individuals are. A positive effect of police contact on expected detection risk is restricted to risk-averse individuals.ConclusionsFindings support claims that deterrence works differently for crime-prone individuals. The differential effects of impulsivity and risk-affinity underline the importance of not combining constituent characteristics of criminal propensity in composite indices, because they might have differential effects on deterrence.
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