Role of emergent neural activity in visual map development.
Role of emergent neural activity in visual map development.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.conb.2013.11.011
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发表时间：
2014-02
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
Crair MC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ackman JB;Crair MC
爬行动物、鸟类和哺乳动物视觉回路的最初结构和功能发育不依赖于感官体验。睁开眼睛后，视觉体验进一步提炼和阐述了对正常视觉功能至关重要的电路。编码分子梯度的先天遗传程序为发育中的神经细胞提供了大致的位置信息，然而神经元的细胞结构复杂性和突触发生在很大程度上依赖于钙离子内流、神经递质释放和视觉开始前的神经活动。事实上，在发育中的眼睛中，在可兴奋细胞之间最早建立联系的过程中，神经活动的特定时空模式，或称“视网膜波”，出现了。到目前为止，在所有被检查的羊膜视网膜中观察到的这些自发活动模式，可能是对在功能视觉开始之前有较长妊娠期的物种的一种进化适应，赋予信息健壮性和冗余性，以指导整个神经系统视觉地图的发展。最近的实验表明，视网膜波在视觉系统不同部分之间的相互联系的发展中起着至关重要的作用，这表明这些自发模式作为一种模板匹配机制，为视觉运动学习和行为的开始准备了更高阶的视觉联想回路。未来研究的关键问题包括确定发育过程中自发活动的确切来源和性质，表征神经活动和转录基因调控之间的相互作用，以及了解视网膜波控制感觉-运动系统内部和之间的电路连接的程度。
The initial structural and functional development of visual circuits in reptiles, birds, and mammals happens independent of sensory experience. After eye opening, visual experience further refines and elaborates circuits that are critical for normal visual function. Innate genetic programs that code for gradients of molecules provide gross positional information for developing nerve cells, yet much of the cytoarchitectural complexity and synaptogenesis of neurons depends on calcium influx, neurotransmitter release, and neural activity before the onset of vision. In fact, specific spatiotemporal patterns of neural activity, or ‘retinal waves’, emerge amidst the development of the earliest connections made between excitable cells in the developing eye. These patterns of spontaneous activity, which have been observed in all amniote retinae examined to date, may be an evolved adaptation for species with long gestational periods before the onset of functional vision, imparting an informational robustness and redundancy to guide development of visual maps across the nervous system. Recent experiments indicate that retinal waves play a crucial role in the development of interconnections between different parts of the visual system, suggesting that these spontaneous patterns serve as a template-matching mechanism to prepare higher-order visually-associative circuits for the onset of visuomotor learning and behavior. Key questions for future studies include determining the exact sources and nature of spontaneous activity during development, characterizing the interactions between neural activity and transcriptional gene regulation, and understanding the extent of circuit connectivity governed by retinal waves within and between sensory-motor systems.
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