Long-term effects of cannabis on brain structure.

Long-term effects of cannabis on brain structure.
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DOI:
10.1038/npp.2014.67
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发表时间:
2014-08
期刊:
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
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其他
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在动物研究中,大麻的主要精神活性成分在富含大麻素CB1受体的脑区具有剂量依赖性毒性。然而,对人类的研究并没有显示出关于长期接触大麻后受影响的大脑区域的研究的共同发现。在目前的研究中,我们(使用基于体素的形态计量学)调查了一组经常吸食大麻的人和一组偶尔吸食大麻的人的灰质变化,并与吸食大麻的年限相匹配。我们提供的证据表明,经常使用大麻与内侧颞叶皮质、颞极、海马旁回、岛叶和眶前叶皮质的灰质体积减少有关;这些区域含有丰富的大麻素CB1受体,在功能上与动机、情绪和情感加工有关。此外,这些变化与纳入研究前3个月的大麻使用频率有关。开始吸毒的年龄也会影响这些变化的幅度。灰质体积的显著减少可能是由于与发病年龄无关的大量消费,或者是青少年时期开始娱乐性使用大麻造成的。相比之下,在经常吸烟者的小脑中检测到的较大灰质体积与每月吸食大麻的量没有任何相关性,这可能与青春期发生的发育(个体)过程有关。
The dose-dependent toxicity of the main psychoactive component of cannabis in brain regions rich in cannabinoid CB1 receptors is well known in animal studies. However, research in humans does not show common findings across studies regarding the brain regions that are affected after long-term exposure to cannabis. In the present study, we investigate (using Voxel-based Morphometry) gray matter changes in a group of regular cannabis smokers in comparison with a group of occasional smokers matched by the years of cannabis use. We provide evidence that regular cannabis use is associated with gray matter volume reduction in the medial temporal cortex, temporal pole, parahippocampal gyrus, insula, and orbitofrontal cortex; these regions are rich in cannabinoid CB1 receptors and functionally associated with motivational, emotional, and affective processing. Furthermore, these changes correlate with the frequency of cannabis use in the 3 months before inclusion in the study. The age of onset of drug use also influences the magnitude of these changes. Significant gray matter volume reduction could result either from heavy consumption unrelated to the age of onset or instead from recreational cannabis use initiated at an adolescent age. In contrast, the larger gray matter volume detected in the cerebellum of regular smokers without any correlation with the monthly consumption of cannabis may be related to developmental (ontogenic) processes that occur in adolescence.
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