Implicit Memory in Monkeys: Development of a Delay Eyeblink Conditioning System with Parallel Electromyographic and High-Speed Video Measurements.
Implicit Memory in Monkeys: Development of a Delay Eyeblink Conditioning System with Parallel Electromyographic and High-Speed Video Measurements.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0129828
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Kirino Y
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kishimoto Y;Yamamoto S;Suzuki K;Toyoda H;Kano M;Tsukada H;Kirino Y
延迟眨眼条件反射是一种小脑依赖的学习范式，已被应用于多种哺乳动物，但尚未应用于猴。因此，我们开发了一个准确的测量系统，我们相信这是第一个系统适合延迟眨眼条件反射的猴子物种（猕猴）。通过眼轮匝肌肌电（OO-EMG）测量和围绕1 kHz CMOS图像传感器构建的基于高速相机的跟踪系统同时监测猴子的眨眼。1 kHz的音调是条件刺激（CS），而空气喷（0.02 MPa）是非条件刺激。EMG分析表明，猴子表现出条件反应（CR）的发生率超过60%的试验在5天的收购阶段和熄灭CR在2天的消退阶段。相机系统产生了类似的结果。因此，我们得出结论，这两种方法都可以有效地评估猴子眨眼条件反射。该系统结合了两种不同的测量原理，使我们能够阐明眼睑闭合和OO-EMG活动的实际存在之间的关系。新系统允许的一个有趣的发现是，猴子经常表现出明显的CR，即使它们产生了明显的困倦或微睡眠的面部迹象。事实上，在给定的试验中观察到CR的概率不受猴子是否在CS发作前关闭眼睑的影响，这表明这种记忆可以独立于清醒状态表达。这项工作提出了一个新的系统，在猴子的认知评估，将有助于阐明非人灵长类动物的内隐学习的神经机制。
Delay eyeblink conditioning, a cerebellum-dependent learning paradigm, has been applied to various mammalian species but not yet to monkeys. We therefore developed an accurate measuring system that we believe is the first system suitable for delay eyeblink conditioning in a monkey species (Macaca mulatta). Monkey eyeblinking was simultaneously monitored by orbicularis oculi electromyographic (OO-EMG) measurements and a high-speed camera-based tracking system built around a 1-kHz CMOS image sensor. A 1-kHz tone was the conditioned stimulus (CS), while an air puff (0.02 MPa) was the unconditioned stimulus. EMG analysis showed that the monkeys exhibited a conditioned response (CR) incidence of more than 60% of trials during the 5-day acquisition phase and an extinguished CR during the 2-day extinction phase. The camera system yielded similar results. Hence, we conclude that both methods are effective in evaluating monkey eyeblink conditioning. This system incorporating two different measuring principles enabled us to elucidate the relationship between the actual presence of eyelid closure and OO-EMG activity. An interesting finding permitted by the new system was that the monkeys frequently exhibited obvious CRs even when they produced visible facial signs of drowsiness or microsleep. Indeed, the probability of observing a CR in a given trial was not influenced by whether the monkeys closed their eyelids just before CS onset, suggesting that this memory could be expressed independently of wakefulness. This work presents a novel system for cognitive assessment in monkeys that will be useful for elucidating the neural mechanisms of implicit learning in nonhuman primates.
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影响因子：
56.9
作者：
KRUPA, DJ;THOMPSON, JK;THOMPSON, RF
通讯作者：
THOMPSON, RF
DOI：
10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb07574.x
发表时间：
2002-01-01
期刊：
CREBELLUM: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CEREBELLAR RESEARCH
影响因子：
--
作者：
Ito, M
通讯作者：
Ito, M
影响因子：
2.2
作者：
ANDREWS, SJ;FREEMAN, JH;STANTON, ME
通讯作者：
STANTON, ME
影响因子：
2.5
作者：
Kishimoto, Yasushi;Oku, Ikuko;Kirino, Yutaka
通讯作者：
Kirino, Yutaka
DOI：
10.1037/h0093413
发表时间：
1936-01-01
期刊：
PSYCHOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS
影响因子：
--
作者：
Hilgard, Ernest R.;Marquis, Donald G.
通讯作者：
Marquis, Donald G.