Age and sex differences in behavioral flexibility, sensitivity to reward value, and risky decision-making.
Age and sex differences in behavioral flexibility, sensitivity to reward value, and risky decision-making.
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DOI：
10.1037/bne0000235
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发表时间：
2018-04
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
Gulley JM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Westbrook SR;Hankosky ER;Dwyer MR;Gulley JM
与成年人相比，青少年行为的特点通常是行为灵活性降低，对奖励的敏感性增加，以及承担风险的可能性增加。这些特征被假设为对精神病理学（如物质使用障碍（SUD））的易感性增加，一直是实验室动物模型研究的重点，旨在了解其神经基础。然而，迄今为止，啮齿动物研究通常仅使用雄性动物，并采用标准方法学实践（例如，体重减轻导致食物限制），与成年人相比，这可能对青少年产生不同的影响。在这里，我们使用青春期和成年Sprague-Dawley大鼠的性别来研究工具行为任务，评估行为的灵活性（策略转移和逆转学习;实验。1），对奖励价值的敏感性（结果贬值; Exp. 2），和风险决策（概率贴现;经验。3）。在Exp. 1，我们发现青少年比成年人更快地获得逆转学习，但在策略转移方面没有差异。在Exps。2和3，青少年和成年人同样敏感的奖励值的变化，并表现出类似的减少时，强化概率下降的大奖励的偏好。然而，青少年的反应更有效率，比他们的同性成年人获得更高的分数。总之，这些研究结果只提供了有限的支持，在Sprague-Dawley大鼠的存在的“典型的”表型，而不是表明，这些行为的表达的年龄差异可能取决于条件，如青春期状态和动机状态。
Compared to adults, adolescent behavior is often characterized by reduced behavioral flexibility, increased sensitivity to reward, and increased likelihood to take risks. These traits, which have been hypothesized to confer heightened vulnerability to psychopathologies such as substance use disorders (SUDs), have been the focus of studies in laboratory animal models that seek to understand their neural underpinnings. However, rodent studies to date have typically used only males and have adopted standard methodological practices (e.g., weight loss inducing food restriction) that are likely to have a disparate impact on adolescents compared to adults. Here, we used adolescent and adult Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes to study instrumental behavior tasks that assess behavioral flexibility (strategy shifting and reversal learning; Exp. 1), sensitivity to reward value (outcome devaluation; Exp. 2), and risky decision making (probability discounting; Exp. 3). In Exp. 1, we found that adolescents were faster to acquire reversal learning than adults but there were no differences in strategy shifting. In Exps. 2 and 3, adolescents and adults were equally sensitive to changes in reward value and exhibited similar reductions in preference for a large reward when reinforcement probability was decreased. However, adolescents responded more efficiently and earned reinforcers at a higher rate than their same-sex, adult counterparts. Together, these findings provide only limited support for the existence of an “adolescent-typical” phenotype in Sprague-Dawley rats and instead suggest that age differences in the expression of these behaviors may depend on conditions such as pubertal status and motivational state.
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00712.x
发表时间：
2011-03-01
期刊：
Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence
影响因子：
--
作者：
Casey B;Jones RM;Somerville LH
通讯作者：
Somerville LH
雄性和雌性大鼠青春期内侧前额叶皮层突触数量的变化：对青春期开始的作用。
DOI：
10.1002/syn.21909
发表时间：
2016-09
期刊：
Synapse (New York, N.Y.)
影响因子：
--
作者：
Drzewiecki CM;Willing J;Juraska JM
通讯作者：
Juraska JM
影响因子：
4
作者：
Gardner, M;Steinberg, L
通讯作者：
Steinberg, L
影响因子：
4.2
作者：
Anker, Justin J.;Baron, Thomas R.;Carroll, Marilyn E.
通讯作者：
Carroll, Marilyn E.
影响因子：
3.4
作者：
Anker, Justin J.;Carroll, Marilyn E.
通讯作者：
Carroll, Marilyn E.