Whole-body direct 4D parametric PET imaging employing nested generalized Patlak expectation-maximization reconstruction.

Whole-body direct 4D parametric PET imaging employing nested generalized Patlak expectation-maximization reconstruction.
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DOI:
10.1088/0031-9155/61/15/5456
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发表时间:
2016-08-07
影响因子:
3.5
通讯作者:
Zaidi H
Zaidi H
中科院分区:
工程技术2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Karakatsanis NA;Casey ME;Lodge MA;Rahmim A;Zaidi H

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全身 (WB) 动态 PET 最近证明了其将参数成像的定量优势转化为临床的潜力。重建后标准 Patlak (sPatlak) WB 图形分析利用多床多通道 PET 采集来生成示踪剂流入速率 Ki 的定量 WB 图像,作为半定量标准化摄取值 (SUV) 的补充指标。由于需要短采集帧,生成的 Ki 图像可能会受到高噪声的影响。同时,提出了一种广义的 Patlak (gPatlak) WB 重建后方法,以限制 sPatlak 分析在具有不可忽略的 18F-FDG 摄取可逆性的区域中的 Ki 偏差;然而,gPatlak 分析是非线性的,因此会进一步放大噪声。在本研究中,我们在断层图像重建 (STIR) 平台的开源软件中实现了临床可采用的 4D WB 重建框架,能够直接从动态多床 PET 原始数据有效估计 sPatlak 和 gPatlak 图像,并大幅降低噪声。此外,我们采用优化转移方法,通过将基于图像的 Patlak 参数快速估计嵌套在动态 PET 图像的基于投影的较慢估计的每个迭代周期内,来加速 4D 期望最大化 (EM) 收敛。新颖的 gPatlak 4D 方法是从一组优化的 sPatlak ML-EM 迭代中初始化的,以促进 EM 收敛。最初,利用已发布的 18F-FDG 动力学参数与 XCAT 模型结合进行实际模拟。定量分析表明,与间接方法和静态 SUV 相比,4D 的 Ki 目标背景比 (TBR)、尤其是对比度噪声比 (CNR) 性能得到增强。此外,对于涉及 10-20 次子迭代的嵌套算法,观察到相当大的收敛加速。此外,gPatlak 与 sPatlak 相比,观察到 Ki % 偏差的系统性降低和 TBR 的改善。最后,对临床 WB 动态数据的验证证明了所提出的 4D 框架与间接 Patlak 和 SUV 成像相比的临床可行性和优越的 Ki CNR 性能。
Whole-body (WB) dynamic PET has recently demonstrated its potential in translating the quantitative benefits of parametric imaging to the clinic. Post-reconstruction standard Patlak (sPatlak) WB graphical analysis utilizes multi-bed multi-pass PET acquisition to produce quantitative WB images of the tracer influx rate Ki as a complimentary metric to the semi-quantitative standardized uptake value (SUV). The resulting Ki images may suffer from high noise due to the need for short acquisition frames. Meanwhile, a generalized Patlak (gPatlak) WB post-reconstruction method had been suggested to limit Ki bias of sPatlak analysis at regions with non-negligible 18F-FDG uptake reversibility; however, gPatlak analysis is non-linear and thus can further amplify noise. In the present study, we implemented, within the open-source Software for Tomographic Image Reconstruction (STIR) platform, a clinically adoptable 4D WB reconstruction framework enabling efficient estimation of sPatlak and gPatlak images directly from dynamic multi-bed PET raw data with substantial noise reduction. Furthermore, we employed the optimization transfer methodology to accelerate 4D expectation-maximization (EM) convergence by nesting the fast image-based estimation of Patlak parameters within each iteration cycle of the slower projection-based estimation of dynamic PET images. The novel gPatlak 4D method was initialized from an optimized set of sPatlak ML-EM iterations to facilitate EM convergence. Initially, realistic simulations were conducted utilizing published 18F-FDG kinetic parameters coupled with the XCAT phantom. Quantitative analyses illustrated enhanced Ki target-to-background ratio (TBR) and especially contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) performance for the 4D vs. the indirect methods and static SUV. Furthermore, considerable convergence acceleration was observed for the nested algorithms involving 10–20 sub-iterations. Moreover, systematic reduction in Ki % bias and improved TBR were observed for gPatlak vs. sPatlak. Finally, validation on clinical WB dynamic data demonstrated the clinical feasibility and superior Ki CNR performance for the proposed 4D framework compared to indirect Patlak and SUV imaging.
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