Foamy Viruses, Bet, and APOBEC3 Restriction.

Foamy Viruses, Bet, and APOBEC3 Restriction.
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DOI:
10.3390/v13030504
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发表时间:
2021-03-18
期刊:
Viruses
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Münk C
Münk C
中科院分区:
其他
文献类型:
--
作者:
Jaguva Vasudevan AA;Becker D;Luedde T;Gohlke H;Münk C

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非人灵长类动物(NHP)是病毒的重要来源,这些病毒可以溢出到人类,并在适应后通过宿主种群传播。虽然HIV-1和HTLV-1在人类中作为逆转录病毒病原体出现,但一类独特的逆转录病毒称为泡沫病毒(FV),具有人畜共患潜力,偶尔在肉食猎人或动物园管理员中检测到。各种FV在许多哺乳动物天然宿主中是地方性的,例如灵长类动物、猫科动物、牛和马以及其他动物,但不在人类中。它们是无致病性的,并且FV和其他逆转录病毒的病毒生命周期之间存在显著差异。重要的是,FV在许多明确定义的逆转录病毒限制因子如TRIM 5 α、BST 2(Tetherin)、MX2和APOBEC 3(A3)存在下复制。虽然A3与HIV-1的相互作用已得到充分研究,但对FV逃避A3限制的机制研究得少得多。在这里,我们回顾了目前的知识FV生物学,宿主限制因子,和FV-宿主相互作用的FV调节蛋白Bet结合A3的后果的重点和概述未来研究的关键开放问题。
Non-human primates (NHP) are an important source of viruses that can spillover to humans and, after adaptation, spread through the host population. Whereas HIV-1 and HTLV-1 emerged as retroviral pathogens in humans, a unique class of retroviruses called foamy viruses (FV) with zoonotic potential are occasionally detected in bushmeat hunters or zookeepers. Various FVs are endemic in numerous mammalian natural hosts, such as primates, felines, bovines, and equines, and other animals, but not in humans. They are apathogenic, and significant differences exist between the viral life cycles of FV and other retroviruses. Importantly, FVs replicate in the presence of many well-defined retroviral restriction factors such as TRIM5α, BST2 (Tetherin), MX2, and APOBEC3 (A3). While the interaction of A3s with HIV-1 is well studied, the escape mechanisms of FVs from restriction by A3 is much less explored. Here we review the current knowledge of FV biology, host restriction factors, and FV–host interactions with an emphasis on the consequences of FV regulatory protein Bet binding to A3s and outline crucial open questions for future studies.
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