Vaccines: past, present and future.

Vaccines: past, present and future.
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DOI:
10.1038/nm1209
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发表时间:
2005-04
期刊:
影响因子:
82.9
通讯作者:
Plotkin SA
Plotkin SA
中科院分区:
医学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Plotkin SA

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自詹纳出生以来的前200年里,无论在哪里使用,疫苗都显著减少了感染和疾病。巴斯德早期的疫苗开发方法,即减毒和灭活,甚至是现在疫苗技术的两极。今天,微生物元素的纯化、基因工程和免疫保护的改进知识允许直接产生减毒突变体、在活载体中表达疫苗蛋白、纯化甚至合成微生物抗原以及通过操纵DNA、RNA、蛋白质和多糖诱导各种免疫应答。非传染性疾病和传染性疾病现在都属于疫苗学的范畴。新疫苗的大量出现使新的人群成为疫苗接种的目标,并需要开发除注射外的给药途径。所有这些都带来了疫苗生产、管理和分配方面的新问题。
The vaccines developed over the first two hundred years since Jenner's lifetime have accomplished striking reductions of infection and disease wherever applied. Pasteur's early approaches to vaccine development, attenuation and inactivation, are even now the two poles of vaccine technology. Today, purification of microbial elements, genetic engineering and improved knowledge of immune protection allow direct creation of attenuated mutants, expression of vaccine proteins in live vectors, purification and even synthesis of microbial antigens, and induction of a variety of immune responses through manipulation of DNA, RNA, proteins and polysaccharides. Both noninfectious and infectious diseases are now within the realm of vaccinology. The profusion of new vaccines enables new populations to be targeted for vaccination, and requires the development of routes of administration additional to injection. With all this come new problems in the production, regulation and distribution of vaccines.
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