False memories for ending of events.
False memories for ending of events.
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DOI：
10.1037/xge0001462
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发表时间：
2023-12
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Bird, Chris M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Raykov, Petar P.;Varga, Dominika;Bird, Chris M.
记忆并不是对过去的完美记录，并且可能会受到系统性偏差的影响。记忆扭曲通常是由我们对特定情况下通常发生的事情的经验引起的。然而，尚不清楚事件的记忆是否因事件通常具有可预测的结构（开始、中间和结束）而产生偏差。使用日常情况的视频剪辑，我们测试了意外时间点的中断事件如何影响对这些事件如何结束的记忆。在四个自由回忆实验（1、2、4 和 5）中，我们发现在一个重要动作完成之前中断剪辑会导致错误地回忆有关剪辑可能如何结束的细节。我们将此称为“事件扩展”。另一方面，在一个场景结束并开始新场景后立即中断剪辑，会导致省略有关剪辑真实结局的细节（实验 4 和 5）。我们发现，与一周后相比，在观看视频剪辑后不久测试记忆力时，这些影响仍然存在，尽管有所减弱（实验 5a 和 5b）。当使用识别范式测试记忆时，事件延伸效应不存在（实验3）。总体而言，我们得出的结论是，当人们观看违反其对典型事件结构期望的视频时，他们会倾向于稍后回忆这些视频，就好像它们在可预测的事件边界处结束一样，根据原始视频中断的位置展示事件扩展或细节遗漏。我们对事件的记忆是容易出错的：我们经常忘记或歪曲某些细节，甚至记住从未真正发生过的事情。在这里，我们表明，如果事件意外中断，参与者通常会不准确地记住事件是如何结束的。例如，如果一个骑自行车的人准备骑自行车的视频片段在骑自行车的人离开之前被中断，人们常常会错误地记得他们看到那个人最后骑着自行车离开了。相反，如果视频剪辑在剪辑结束之前继续简短地显示骑自行车的人到达目的地，那么参与者通常不会回忆起这个额外的细节，并且会记住剪辑以准备骑自行车的人结束。这些实验凸显了人们如何偏向于回忆具有明确定义终点的事件，即使这与实际经历的事情相冲突。
Memories are not perfect recordings of the past and can be subject to systematic biases. Memory distortions are often caused by our experience of what typically happens in a given situation. However, it is unclear whether memory for events is biased by the knowledge that events usually have a predictable structure (a beginning, middle, and an end). Using video clips of everyday situations, we tested how interrupting events at unexpected time points affects memory of how those events ended. In four free recall experiments (1, 2, 4, and 5), we found that interrupting clips just before a salient piece of action was completed, resulted in the false recall of details about how the clip might have ended. We refer to this as “event extension.” On the other hand, interrupting clips just after one scene had ended and a new scene started, resulted in omissions of details about the true ending of the clip (Experiments 4 and 5). We found that these effects were present, albeit attenuated, when testing memory shortly after watching the video clips compared to a week later (Experiments 5a and 5b). The event extension effect was not present when memory was tested with a recognition paradigm (Experiment 3). Overall, we conclude that when people watch videos that violate their expectations of typical event structure, they show a bias to later recall the videos as if they had ended at a predictable event boundary, exhibiting event extension or the omission of details depending on where the original video was interrupted. Our memory for events is fallible: We often forget or distort certain details or even remember things that never actually happened. Here, we showed that participants often inaccurately remember how events ended if the events were interrupted unexpectedly. For instance, if a video clip of a cyclist preparing to ride a bike was interrupted before the cyclist left, people would often falsely remember that they saw the person riding their bike away at the end. Conversely, if the video clip continued to briefly show the cyclist arriving at their destination before the clip was finished, participants would often not recall this additional detail and remember that the clip ended with the person preparing to ride their bike. These experiments highlight how people are biased to recall events as having well-defined end-points, even when that conflicts with what was actually experienced.
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DOI：
10.1093/cercor/bhab027
发表时间：
2021-06-10
期刊：
Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)
影响因子：
--
作者：
Raykov PP;Keidel JL;Oakhill J;Bird CM
通讯作者：
Bird CM
DOI：
10.1037/xlm0000367
发表时间：
2017-08
期刊：
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition
影响因子：
--
作者：
Flores S;Bailey HR;Eisenberg ML;Zacks JM
通讯作者：
Zacks JM
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
Ben-Yakov, Aya;Smith, Verity;Henson, Richard
通讯作者：
Henson, Richard
影响因子：
4
作者：
Brod, Garvin;Shing, Yee Lee
通讯作者：
Shing, Yee Lee
DOI：
10.1037/0278-7393.3.4.428
发表时间：
1977-01-01
期刊：
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-HUMAN LEARNING AND MEMORY
影响因子：
--
作者：
DOOLING, DJ;CHRISTIAANSEN, RE
通讯作者：
CHRISTIAANSEN, RE