Anti-microbial Use in Animals: How to Assess the Trade-offs.
Anti-microbial Use in Animals: How to Assess the Trade-offs.
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DOI：
10.1111/zph.12193
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发表时间：
2015-04
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Rushton J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rushton J
抗菌药物广泛用于动物的预防和治疗药物。治疗性使用的好处是显而易见的--它使生病的动物恢复健康，并增进人类的福利。预防性使用抗微生物剂的情况不太清楚，因为关于抗微生物剂在集约化畜牧业中作为生长促进剂的价值的辩论。使用抗菌剂可能带来的好处需要与其成本以及因在动物中使用而增加的耐药性风险相平衡。该研究探讨了动物在社会中的重要性，以及动物的角色和管理如何发生变化，包括抗菌药物的使用。它提出了一个经济框架，以评估抗微生物药物使用的权衡，并审查了目前的数据收集和分析这些权衡的水平。探索性审查发现了一些弱点。我们很少在应用于动物抗微生物药物经济评估的框架中保持一致，这很可能是由于数据的差距或分析师的偏见。有必要更仔细地收集数据，以便了解（i）抗菌剂用于哪些物种和生产系统，（ii）抗菌剂的活性物质和应用方法，以及（iii）剂量率。该物种需要包括伴侣动物以及养殖动物，因为目前还不清楚直接与间接传播对人类的耐药性有多重要。此外，还需要研究动物用抗菌剂的定价，以确保价格反映生产和销售成本、抗菌剂开发的固定成本和耐药性出现的外部性。总体而言，需要开展大量工作，为政策提供更好的指导，而且这些工作应得到严格的数据收集和分析系统的支持。
Antimicrobials are widely used in preventive and curative medicine in animals. Benefits from curative use are clear – it allows sick animals to be healthy with a gain in human welfare. The case for preventive use of antimicrobials is less clear cut with debates on the value of antimicrobials as growth promoters in the intensive livestock industries. The possible benefits from the use of antimicrobials need to be balanced against their cost and the increased risk of emergence of resistance due to their use in animals. The study examines the importance of animals in society and how the role and management of animals is changing including the use of antimicrobials. It proposes an economic framework to assess the trade-offs of anti-microbial use and examines the current level of data collection and analysis of these trade-offs. An exploratory review identifies a number of weaknesses. Rarely are we consistent in the frameworks applied to the economic assessment anti-microbial use in animals, which may well be due to gaps in data or the prejudices of the analysts. There is a need for more careful data collection that would allow information on (i) which species and production systems antimicrobials are used in, (ii) what active substance of antimicrobials and the application method and (iii) what dosage rates. The species need to include companion animals as well as the farmed animals as it is still not known how important direct versus indirect spread of resistance to humans is. In addition, research is needed on pricing antimicrobials used in animals to ensure that prices reflect production and marketing costs, the fixed costs of anti-microbial development and the externalities of resistance emergence. Overall, much work is needed to provide greater guidance to policy, and such work should be informed by rigorous data collection and analysis systems.
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影响因子：
11.8
作者：
Johnson JR;Sannes MR;Croy C;Johnston B;Clabots C;Kuskowski MA;Bender J;Smith KE;Winokur PL;Belongia EA
通讯作者：
Belongia EA
影响因子：
10.8
作者：
Maron DF;Smith TJ;Nachman KE
通讯作者：
Nachman KE
影响因子：
5.2
作者：
Huijbers, P. M. C.;Graat, E. A. M.;van Hoek, A. H. A. M.
通讯作者：
van Hoek, A. H. A. M.
DOI：
10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.11.005
发表时间：
2014-02-03
影响因子：
5.4
作者：
Egervarn, Maria;Borjesson, Stefan;Lindblad, Mats
通讯作者：
Lindblad, Mats
影响因子：
2.2
作者：
Gilbert, W.;Rushton, J.
通讯作者：
Rushton, J.