Urinary metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants and their variability in pregnant women.
Urinary metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants and their variability in pregnant women.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envint.2013.11.013
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发表时间：
2014-02
影响因子：
11.8
通讯作者：
Stapleton, Heather M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hoffman, Kate;Daniels, Julie L.;Stapleton, Heather M.
关键词：
有机磷酸盐阻燃剂（OPFR）通常被添加到消费品中以降低其可燃性。根据室内环境中的OPFR水平，人类接触可能是慢性和普遍存在的。动物研究表明，暴露于某些OPFR可能会对健康产生不利影响，特别是三（1，3-二氯丙基）磷酸盐（TDCPP）;然而，缺乏关于暴露于OPFR影响的人体数据。为了设计人体研究，需要更多关于人体样本中测量的OPFR随时间推移的稳定性的信息。在这项研究中，我们试图评估北卡罗来纳州中部一组妇女在整个妊娠期间尿TDCPP和磷酸三苯酯（TPP）代谢物的时间变异程度。八名孕妇提供了多个尿液样本：怀孕第18周期间3个，第28周期间1个，孩子出生后不久1个。采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定尿样中TDCPP和TPP的代谢产物双（1，3-二氯丙基）磷酸盐（BDCPP）和磷酸二苯酯（DPP）。BDCPP和DPP分别在39份尿样中的38份中检测到，并且不呈正态分布。BDCPP和DPP浓度的几何平均值分别为1.3 ng/mL（四分位距（IQR）：0.8，2.7 ng/mL）和1.9 ng/mL（IQR：0.9，3.5 ng/mL）。BDCPP和DPP在一周内（ICC=0.5; 95%置信区间（CI）：0.4，0.7和ICC=0.7; 95% CI：0.5，0.8）和整个妊娠期（ICC=0.5; 95% CI：0.3，0.7和ICC=0.6; 95% CI：0.4，0.7）具有中度至高度可靠性。这些数据表明，暴露于TDCPP和TPP是广泛的和可变的孕妇，和BDCPP或DPP的单一措施，在第二个三个月，可能会捕获信息的暴露顺序在整个怀孕。
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are commonly added to consumer products to reduce their flammability. Based on levels of OPFRs in indoor environments, human exposure is likely chronic and ubiquitous. Animal studies suggest that exposure to some OPFRs may result in adverse health impacts, particularly for tris (1,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate (TDCPP); however, human data on the impacts of exposure to OPFRs are lacking. To design human studies, more information is needed on the stability of measured OPFRs in human samples over time. In this study, we sought to assess the degree of temporal variability of urinary TDCPP and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) metabolites throughout pregnancy in a cohort of women from central North Carolina. Eight pregnant women provided multiple urine samples: 3 during the 18th week of pregnancy, 1 during the 28th week, and 1 shortly after the child’s birth. Bis (1,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate (BDCPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPP), the respective metabolites of TDCPP and TPP, were measured in urine samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. BDCPP and DPP were each detected in 38 of 39 urine samples and were not normally distributed. Geometric mean BDCPP and DPP concentrations were 1.3 ng/mL (interquartile range (IQR): 0.8, 2.7 ng/mL) and 1.9 ng/mL (IQR: 0.9, 3.5 ng/mL), respectively. BDCPP and DPP were moderately to strongly reliable over one week (ICC=0.5; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.4, 0.7 and ICC=0.7; 95% CI: 0.5, 0.8, respectively), and over the entire pregnancy (ICC=0.5 95% CI: 0.3, 0.7 and ICC=0.6; 95% CI: 0.4, 0.7, respectively). These data suggest that exposures to TDCPP and TPP are widespread and variable for pregnant women, and that a single measure of BDCPP or DPP, taken in the second trimester, likely captures information on the rank order of exposure throughout pregnancy.
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