Novel and high volume use flame retardants in US couches reflective of the 2005 PentaBDE phase out.
Novel and high volume use flame retardants in US couches reflective of the 2005 PentaBDE phase out.
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在美国沙发上，新颖和大量的使用阻燃剂反映了2005年的五角星阶段。
DOI：
10.1021/es303471d
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发表时间：
2012-12-18
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Blum, Arlene
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Stapleton, Heather M.;Sharma, Smriti;Getzinger, Gordon;Ferguson, P. Lee;Gabriel, Michelle;Webster, Thomas F.;Blum, Arlene
加州的家具易燃性标准技术公告117（TB 117）被认为是美国住宅家具中化学阻燃剂（FR）使用的主要驱动力。随着2005年逐步淘汰多溴二苯醚阻燃剂混合物五溴二苯醚，替代阻燃剂越来越多地被用于满足结核病117的要求;然而，尚不清楚使用的是哪些化学品以及使用频率如何。为了解决这一数据缺口，我们收集并分析了1985年至2010年在美国购买的102个住宅沙发聚氨酯泡沫样本。总体而言，我们在85%的沙发中检测到化学阻燃剂。在2005年之前购买的样本（n = 41）中，与五溴二苯醚混合物（包括溴二苯醚47、99和100（五溴二苯醚））有关的多溴二苯醚是检测到的最常见的阻燃剂（39%），其次是三（1，3-二氯异丙基）磷酸盐（TDCPP; 24%），这是一种疑似人类致癌物。在2005年或之后购买的样品（n = 61）中，检测到的最常见的FR是TDCPP（52%）和与Firemaster 550（FM 550）混合物相关的成分（18%）。自2005年逐步淘汰五溴二苯醚以来，TDCPP的使用大幅增加。此外，在2005年或之后购买的13%的沙发样品中观察到非卤化有机磷酸盐FR的混合物，包括磷酸三苯酯（TPP），三（4-丁基苯基）磷酸酯（TBPP）和磷酸丁基苯基酯异构体的混合物。总体而言，在加州购买的沙发中，阻燃剂（和五溴二苯醚）的使用率高于其他地方，尽管差异并不十分显著（五溴二苯醚的p = 0.054）。2005年之前的差异比之后更大，这表明TB 117正在成为美国事实上的标准。我们确定TB 117标签的存在确实预测了FR的存在;然而，缺乏标签并不能预测阻燃剂的缺乏。随着五溴二苯醚的逐步淘汰，我们还发现市场上的阻燃剂数量有所增加。鉴于这些结果，以及人类接触阻燃剂的可能性，应对此处确定的阻燃剂类型进行健康研究。
California’s furniture flammability standard Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117) is believed to be a major driver of chemical flame retardant (FR) use in residential furniture in the United States. With the phase-out of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) FR mixture PentaBDE in 2005, alternative FRs are increasingly being used to meet TB 117; however, it was unclear which chemicals were being used and how frequently. To address this data gap, we collected and analyzed 102 samples of polyurethane foam from residential couches purchased in the United States from 1985 to 2010. Overall, we detected chemical flame retardants in 85% of the couches. In samples purchased prior to 2005 (n = 41) PBDEs associated with the PentaBDE mixture including BDEs 47, 99, and 100 (PentaBDE) were the most common FR detected (39%), followed by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 24%), which is a suspected human carcinogen. In samples purchased in 2005 or later (n = 61) the most common FRs detected were TDCPP (52%) and components associated with the Firemaster550 (FM 550) mixture (18%). Since the 2005 phase-out of PentaBDE, the use of TDCPP increased significantly. In addition, a mixture of nonhalogenated organophosphate FRs that included triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tris(4-butylphenyl) phosphate (TBPP), and a mix of butylphenyl phosphate isomers were observed in 13% of the couch samples purchased in 2005 or later. Overall the prevalence of flame retardants (and PentaBDE) was higher in couches bought in California compared to elsewhere, although the difference was not quite significant (p = 0.054 for PentaBDE). The difference was greater before 2005 than after, suggesting that TB 117 is becoming a de facto standard across the U.S. We determined that the presence of a TB 117 label did predict the presence of a FR; however, lack of a label did not predict the absence of a flame retardant. Following the PentaBDE phase out, we also found an increased number of flame retardants on the market. Given these results, and the potential for human exposure to FRs, health studies should be conducted on the types of FRs identified here.
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影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Johnson, Paula I.;Stapleton, Heather M.;Slodin, Andreas;Meeker, John D.
通讯作者：
Meeker, John D.
影响因子：
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作者：
Dishaw LV;Powers CM;Ryde IT;Roberts SC;Seidler FJ;Slotkin TA;Stapleton HM
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影响因子：
10.4
作者：
Stapleton HM;Eagle S;Sjödin A;Webster TF
通讯作者：
Webster TF
影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Watkins, Deborah J.;McClean, Michael D.;Fraser, Alicia J.;Weinberg, Janice;Stapleton, Heather M.;Sjoedin, Andreas;Webster, Thomas F.
通讯作者：
Webster, Thomas F.
影响因子：
10.4
作者：
Watkins DJ;McClean MD;Fraser AJ;Weinberg J;Stapleton HM;Sjödin A;Webster TF
通讯作者：
Webster TF