Menu Labeling and Calories Purchased in Restaurants in a US National Fast Food Chain.
Menu Labeling and Calories Purchased in Restaurants in a US National Fast Food Chain.
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DOI：
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.46851
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发表时间：
2023-12-01
影响因子：
13.8
通讯作者：
Elbel, Brian
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rummo, Pasquale E.;Mijanovich, Tod;Wu, Erilia;Heng, Lloyd;Hafeez, Emil;Bragg, Marie A.;Jones, Simon A.;Weitzman, Beth C.;Elbel, Brian
在一家全国性快餐连锁店内，菜单上提供营养信息是否与所购买的卡路里量有关？
在这项针对美国6个地区2329家墨西哥风味快餐店的队列研究中，与未标注的餐厅相比，菜单标注在实施后的前2年里，每次交易购买的卡路里量减少了25卡。随着时间推移，结果相似，在3 - 12个月的随访期内购买的卡路里量减少了22卡，在13 - 24个月的随访期内减少了25卡。
与菜单板上无卡路里信息相比，菜单标注随着时间推移与购买的卡路里量减少有关；这些发现表明，结合其他食品标注和人群层面的政策，菜单标注可能与每日卡路里摄入量的减少有关。
早在2008年，美国一些辖区的餐厅就已实施菜单标注，但菜单标注在多大程度上与所购买的卡路里量有关尚不清楚。
为了评估菜单标注与所购买的卡路里和营养素之间的关联，并评估结果的地域差异。
采用准实验设计进行了一项队列研究，使用了2007年至2014年历年塔可钟餐厅的实际交易数据，美国有菜单标注的餐厅通过合成控制方法与对照餐厅进行匹配。数据于2023年5月至10月进行分析。
美国6个辖区的菜单标注政策。
主要结果是每次交易的卡路里量。次要结果包括总脂肪和饱和脂肪、碳水化合物、蛋白质、糖、纤维和钠。
最终样本包括2329家餐厅，其中474家有菜单标注（31468个餐厅 - 月观测值）。大多数餐厅（94.3%）位于加利福尼亚州。双重差分模型结果表明，在3 - 24个月的随访期内，与对照组相比，菜单标注组餐厅每次交易顾客购买的卡路里量减少了24.7卡（95%置信区间，23.6 - 25.7卡），包括在3 - 12个月随访期内减少了21.9卡（95%置信区间，20.9 - 22.9卡），在13 - 24个月随访期内减少了25.0卡（95%置信区间，24.0 - 26.1卡）。交易中营养成分的变化与卡路里估计值相符。加利福尼亚州的研究结果在数量和方向上与总体估计相似；然而，在加利福尼亚州以外的餐厅中，在3 - 24个月期间未观察到关联。菜单标注的结果也因菜品类别和一天中的时间而异，在3 - 24个月期间，与购买的其他菜品相比，墨西哥玉米饼购买数量的减少幅度更大，早餐时购买的卡路里量比一天中其他时间减少幅度更大。
在这项准实验队列研究中，与无卡路里标签的餐厅相比，有卡路里标签的餐厅购买的卡路里量更少，这表明消费者对菜单板上的卡路里信息敏感，尽管这种关联因地点而异。
这项队列研究探讨了在美国一家快餐连锁店中，在菜单上标注营养信息是否与所购买的卡路里量有关。
Is providing nutrition information on menus associated with calories purchased in a national fast food restaurant chain? In this cohort study of 2329 Mexican-inspired fast food restaurants in 6 US locations, menu labeling was associated with 25 fewer calories purchased per transaction in the first 2 years after implementation compared with those with no labels. Findings were similar over time, with 22 fewer calories purchased in the 3- to 12-month follow-up period and 25 fewer calories purchased in the 13- to 24-month follow-up period. Menu labeling was linked to fewer calories purchased over time compared with no calorie information on menu boards; these findings suggest that, in combination with other food labeling and population-level policies, menu labeling may be associated with decreased daily caloric intake. Menu labeling has been implemented in restaurants in some US jurisdictions as early as 2008, but the extent to which menu labeling is associated with calories purchased is unclear. To estimate the association of menu labeling with calories and nutrients purchased and assess geographic variation in results. A cohort study was conducted with a quasi-experimental design using actual transaction data from Taco Bell restaurants from calendar years 2007 to 2014 US restaurants with menu labeling matched to comparison restaurants using synthetic control methods. Data were analyzed from May to October 2023. Menu labeling policies in 6 US jurisdictions. The primary outcome was calories per transaction. Secondary outcomes included total and saturated fat, carbohydrates, protein, sugar, fiber, and sodium. The final sample included 2329 restaurants, with menu labeling in 474 (31 468 restaurant-month observations). Most restaurants (94.3%) were located in California. Difference-in-differences model results indicated that customers purchased 24.7 (95% CI, 23.6-25.7) fewer calories per transaction from restaurants in the menu labeling group in the 3- to 24-month follow-up period vs the comparison group, including 21.9 (95% CI, 20.9-22.9) fewer calories in the 3- to 12-month follow-up period and 25.0 (95% CI, 24.0-26.1) fewer calories in the 13- to 24-month follow-up period. Changes in the nutrient content of transactions were consistent with calorie estimates. Findings in California were similar to overall estimates in magnitude and direction; yet, among restaurants outside of California, no association was observed in the 3- to 24-month period. The outcome of menu labeling also differed by item category and time of day, with a larger decrease in the number of tacos vs other items purchased and a larger decrease in calories purchased during breakfast vs other times of the day in the 3- to 24-month period. In this quasi-experimental cohort study, fewer calories were purchased in restaurants with calorie labels compared with those with no labels, suggesting that consumers are sensitive to calorie information on menu boards, although associations differed by location. This cohort study examines whether labeling menus with nutrition information is associated with calories purchased at a US fast food chain.
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