Neural systems underlying aversive conditioning in humans with primary and secondary reinforcers.
Neural systems underlying aversive conditioning in humans with primary and secondary reinforcers.
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DOI：
10.3389/fnins.2011.00071
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发表时间：
2011
影响因子：
4.3
通讯作者：
Phelps EA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Delgado MR;Jou RL;Phelps EA
在研究奖励学习和决策的实验范式中，金钱是一个次要的因素，通常用于一系列学科。然而，在厌恶性学习和相关的神经基础中，货币替代者的有效性仍然是一个争论的话题。具体来说，目前还不清楚是否最初收购的厌恶表征的金钱损失取决于类似的神经系统作为更传统的厌恶条件反射，涉及主要的替代品。本研究对比了生物学定义的初级刺激（休克）和社会定义的次级刺激（金钱）在厌恶学习及其相关神经回路中的功效。在一个由两部分组成的实验中，参与者首先玩一个赌博游戏，输赢取决于表现，以获得一个实验银行。然后，参与者被暴露在两个独立的厌恶条件反射会议。在一个阶段中，初级刺激（轻度电击）作为非条件刺激（US），并与两个彩色方块中的一个配对，即条件刺激（分别为CS+和CS-）。在另一个会话中，一个次要事件（金钱损失）充当US，并与两个不同CS中的一个配对。与CS-试验相比，CS+试验的皮肤电导反应更大，与植入物类型无关。神经影像学结果显示，纹状体，一个典型的区域与奖励相关的处理，被发现参与收购的厌恶条件反射，无论类型的奖励。与此相反，杏仁核参与了厌恶条件反射与主要的干扰，这两个探索性的功能磁共振成像分析和后续的个案研究与患者双侧杏仁核损伤。总的来说，这些结果表明，学习潜在的金钱损失可能取决于强化学习相关的系统，而不是涉及更多生物学基础的恐惧的典型结构。
Money is a secondary reinforcer commonly used across a range of disciplines in experimental paradigms investigating reward learning and decision-making. The effectiveness of monetary reinforcers during aversive learning and associated neural basis, however, remains a topic of debate. Specifically, it is unclear if the initial acquisition of aversive representations of monetary losses depends on similar neural systems as more traditional aversive conditioning that involves primary reinforcers. This study contrasts the efficacy of a biologically defined primary reinforcer (shock) and a socially defined secondary reinforcer (money) during aversive learning and its associated neural circuitry. During a two-part experiment, participants first played a gambling game where wins and losses were based on performance to gain an experimental bank. Participants were then exposed to two separate aversive conditioning sessions. In one session, a primary reinforcer (mild shock) served as an unconditioned stimulus (US) and was paired with one of two colored squares, the conditioned stimuli (CS+ and CS−, respectively). In another session, a secondary reinforcer (loss of money) served as the US and was paired with one of two different CS. Skin conductance responses were greater for CS+ compared to CS− trials irrespective of type of reinforcer. Neuroimaging results revealed that the striatum, a region typically linked with reward-related processing, was found to be involved in the acquisition of aversive conditioned response irrespective of reinforcer type. In contrast, the amygdala was involved during aversive conditioning with primary reinforcers, as suggested by both an exploratory fMRI analysis and a follow-up case study with a patient with bilateral amygdala damage. Taken together, these results suggest that learning about potential monetary losses may depend on reinforcement learning related systems, rather than on typical structures involved in more biologically based fears.
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影响因子：
16.2
作者：
LaBar, KS;Gatenby, JC;Phelps, EA
通讯作者：
Phelps, EA
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
BECHARA, A;TRANEL, D;DAMASIO, AR
通讯作者：
DAMASIO, AR
影响因子：
4.2
作者：
Delgado, M. R.;Labouliere, C. D.;Phelps, E. A.
通讯作者：
Phelps, E. A.
影响因子：
5.7
作者：
Knutson, B;Fong, GW;Homme, D
通讯作者：
Homme, D
影响因子：
4.8
作者：
Knutson, B;Cooper, JC
通讯作者：
Cooper, JC