Achieving biodiversity net gain by addressing governance gaps underpinning ecological compensation policies.
Achieving biodiversity net gain by addressing governance gaps underpinning ecological compensation policies.
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通过解决支撑生态补偿政策的治理差距来实现生物多样性净收益。
DOI：
10.1111/cobi.14198
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发表时间：
2023
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Rampling EE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rampling EE
世界各地都出现了生物多样性补偿政策，以解决基础设施扩张对生态的危害，但从历史上看，合规性很弱。威斯敏斯特政府正在引入一项要求，英格兰的新基础设施开发必须证明它们实现了生物多样性净收益(BNG)。我们试图确定治理差距和监管机构能力限制对该政策潜在生物多样性影响的影响程度。我们整理了从2020年到2022年六个早期采用者委员会的所有新的主要发展项目的BNG信息。我们量化了BNG承诺的面临不遵守风险的生物多样性结果的比例，探索了用于满足开发商生物多样性责任的策略的变化，并量化了生物多样性指标计算中简单错误的发生。对于大型开发项目和能源基础设施，生物多样性负债经常在项目的开发足迹内得到满足。对于小型开发项目，购买补偿是最常见的。我们估计，27%的生物多样性单位陷入了治理漏洞，这使它们面临着高风险的违规行为，因为它们与现场交付的条件更好的栖息地相关，而这些栖息地不太可能得到监测或执行。更强有力的治理机制(例如，实用的监测和执行机制)将有助于确保在现场交付这种生物多样性。或者，可以通过场外生物多样性抵消来实现更多的生物多样性收益。至于后一种情况，我们估计抵销的需求可能会上升4倍；这会大幅增加发展商在私人土地上进行保育活动的财政资助。21%的开发应用程序在其BNG计算中包含一个简单的重复性错误。这些申请中有一半得到了议会的批准，这可能表明议会发展评估中的资源不足。我们的研究结果表明，资源和治理方面的不足有可能削弱该政策的有效性。
Biodiversity compensation policies have emerged around the world to address the ecological harms of infrastructure expansion, but historically compliance is weak. The Westminster government is introducing a requirement that new infrastructure developments in England demonstrate they achieve a biodiversity net gain (BNG). We sought to determine the magnitude of the effects of governance gaps and regulator capacity constraints on the policy's potential biodiversity impacts. We collated BNG information from all new major developments across six early‐adopter councils from 2020 to 2022. We quantified the proportion of the biodiversity outcomes promised under BNG at risk of noncompliance, explored the variation in strategies used to meet developers’ biodiversity liabilities, and quantified the occurrence of simple errors in the biodiversity metric calculations. For large developments and energy infrastructure, biodiversity liabilities frequently met within the projects’ development footprint. For small developments, the purchase of offsets was most common. We estimated that 27% of all biodiversity units fell into governance gaps that exposed them to a high risk of noncompliance because they were associated with better‐condition habitats delivered on‐site that were unlikely to be monitored or enforced. More robust governance mechanisms (e.g., practical mechanisms for monitoring and enforcement) would help ensure the delivery of this biodiversity on‐site. Alternatively, more biodiversity gains could be delivered through off‐site biodiversity offsetting. For the latter case, we estimated that the demand for offsets could rise by a factor of 4; this would substantially increase the financial contributions from developers for conservation activities on private land. Twenty‐one percent of development applications contained a simple recurring error in their BNG calculations. One‐half of these applications were approved by councils, which may indicate under‐resourcing in council development assessments. Our findings demonstrate that resourcing and governance shortfalls risk undermining the policy's effectiveness.
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影响因子：
6.3
作者：
S. Theis;Jonathan L. W. Ruppert;Kirk Roberts;C. K. Minns;M. Koops;M. Poesch
通讯作者：
M. Poesch
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2010
期刊：
影响因子：
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作者：
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DOI：
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
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作者：
S. Walker;Ann Brower;R. Stephens;William G. Lee
通讯作者：
William G. Lee
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影响因子：
6.3
作者：
L. Carver;S. Sullivan
通讯作者：
S. Sullivan
抵消自然？
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
M. Hannis;S. Sullivan
通讯作者：
S. Sullivan