Obesity, food, and addiction: emerging neuroscience and clinical and public health implications.

Obesity, food, and addiction: emerging neuroscience and clinical and public health implications.
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肥胖、食物和成瘾:新兴的神经科学以及临床和公共卫生影响。

DOI:
10.1038/npp.2013.198
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发表时间:
2014
期刊:
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Potenza,MarcN
Potenza,MarcN
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Potenza,MarcN

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在美国,肥胖被认为是可预防的死亡和疾病的三大主要原因之一(Danaei等人,2009年)。在美国和其他地方,肥胖率自20世纪80年代以来大幅上升,现在有三分之一的美国成年人患有肥胖症(http://www.赢。NIDDK。美国国立卫生研究院。Gov/统计数据/)。随着美国医学会最近将肥胖定义为一种疾病(http://www.),医疗保健处理肥胖的方式正在发生变化波士顿环球报。Com/editorials/2013/06/28/ama-obesity-declarationmakes-third-america-ill/02nZ0a90 RtlKE3hOWy59KK/故事。HTML)。尽管利率上升的原因并不完全清楚,也仍然存在争议,但个人和社会成本需要更好的理解。在这种背景下,从跨学科的角度审视食物和饮食行为对于解决肥胖流行病似乎很重要。从历史上看,肥胖一直是从代谢的角度来看待的,关注的是能量平衡(Ziauddeen等人,2012年)。最近,有人质疑肥胖是否可以在成瘾框架内概念化,以及某些食物是否可能使人上瘾(Gearhardt等人,2011a)。随着时间的推移,食物消费的一个动机因素已经从食物和能量平衡转变为愉悦/享乐的目的。因此,动机因素(与积极强化相关的预期快感或与消极强化相关的压力减轻)可能与肥胖有关,与吸毒成瘾的情况类似。此外,与体内平衡调节有关的代谢因素在肥胖人群中与这些结构的关系可能与瘦人不同。为了直接检查,我们使用引导图像功能磁共振任务研究了25名肥胖者和25名匹配的瘦人,其中包括与个人压力源、最喜欢的食物或中性放松情况有关的个性化线索(Jastreboff等人,2013年)。与瘦人相比,肥胖者皮质-纹状体边缘结构(纹状体、脑岛、额叶下回和杏仁核)对最喜欢的食物线索的激活增加,而肥胖人的丘脑和纹状体的激活与主观渴望相关。同样,与压力相关的
Obesity is considered among the top three leading causes of preventable death and illness in the United States (Danaei et al, 2009). In the United States and elsewhere, obesity’s prevalence has risen considerably since the 1980s, with one-third of US adults now obese (http://www. win. niddk. nih. gov/statistics/). How health care approaches obesity is changing, with the American Medical Association recently defining obesity as a disease (http://www. bostonglobe. com/editorials/2013/06/28/ama-obesity-declarationmakes-third-america-ill/02nZ0a90 RtlKE3hOWy59KK/story. html). Although the reasons why rates have risen are not entirely known and remain debated, the individual and societal costs necessitate an improved understanding. In this context, examining food and eating behaviors from interdisciplinary perspectives seems important in addressing an obesity epidemic. Historically, obesity has been viewed from a metabolic perspective, with a focus on energy balance (Ziauddeen et al, 2012). More recently, it has been questioned whether obesity might be conceptualized within an addiction framework and whether certain foods may be addictive (Gearhardt et al, 2011a). Over time, a motivating factor for food consumption has shifted from sustenance and energy balance to pleasurable/hedonic purposes. Thus, motivational factors (positive-reinforcement-related anticipatory pleasure or negative-reinforcement-related stress reduction) might link to obesity similarly as in drug addictions. Additionally, metabolic factors implicated in homeostatic regulation may relate differently to these constructs in obese as compared with lean individuals. To examine directly, we studied 25 obese and 25 matched lean individuals using a guided-imagery fMRI task that included individualized cues relating to personal stressors, favorite foods, or neutral-relaxing situations (Jastreboff et al, 2013). Obese as compared with lean individuals showed increased activation in cortico-striatolimbic structures (striatum, insula, inferior frontal gyrus and amygdala) to favorite-food cues, and activations of thalamus and striatum correlated with subjective craving in obese but not lean individuals. Similarly, stress-related
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