A challenge to the ancient origin of SIVagm based on African green monkey mitochondrial genomes.
A challenge to the ancient origin of SIVagm based on African green monkey mitochondrial genomes.
复制标题
基于非洲绿色猴子线粒体基因组的Sivagm古代起源的挑战。
DOI：
10.1371/journal.ppat.0030095
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发表时间：
2007-07
期刊：
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Worobey M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wertheim JO;Worobey M
虽然围绕艾滋病毒的起源和传播的情况越来越清楚，但猿猴免疫缺陷病毒（SIV）起源的细节仍然未知。具体来说，SIV的年龄，无论是古代感染还是近代感染，都尚未得到解决。虽然SIV跨物种传播的许多实例已被记录在案，非洲绿色猴（AGM）和SIVagm之间的相似性一直被认为是SIV和它们的灵长类宿主之间古老的共同分歧的暗示。在这里，我们提出了基于全长AGM线粒体基因组和7个先前发表的SIVagm基因组的良好解决的系统发育，这些使我们能够进行第一次严格的系统发育测试，我们的知识的假设，SIVagm与AGM共分化。使用Shimodaira-Hasegawa测试，我们表明AGM线粒体基因组和SIVagm没有沿着沿着相同的拓扑结构进化。此外，我们表明，SIVagm拓扑结构可以解释的模式，从西向东传播的病毒在现有的AGM地理范围。使用一个宽松的分子钟，我们还提供了一个日期为最近的共同祖先的AGM在大约300万年前。这项研究大大削弱了古代SIV感染后与其灵长类宿主共趋异的理论。阐明影响病毒病原体出现的因素对传染病的研究具有重要意义。据了解，艾滋病病毒起源于感染非人类非洲灵长类动物的猿免疫缺陷病毒（SIV），但病毒在这些猿和猴中存在的时间尚不清楚。这些受感染的灵长类动物通常不会出现免疫缺陷，了解SIV的年龄可能有助于解释原因。有人认为，这些猴子中的一些已经感染了数百万年，因为许多密切相关的猴子物种感染了密切相关的病毒。这种关系最突出的例子之一是非洲绿色猴子和它们的SIV之间的关系。在这项研究中，我们比较了病毒的系统发育树，他们的主机的线粒体基因组，发现他们不支持的理论，古老的感染，其次是共分歧。我们的研究结果表明，SIV没有感染这些猴子，直到物种形成后，随后席卷其地理范围。如果这种感染是相对较新的，那么无毒力可能在比以前建议的更短的时间内进化。这一发现可能对艾滋病毒疾病严重程度的未来轨迹产生影响。
While the circumstances surrounding the origin and spread of HIV are becoming clearer, the particulars of the origin of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) are still unknown. Specifically, the age of SIV, whether it is an ancient or recent infection, has not been resolved. Although many instances of cross-species transmission of SIV have been documented, the similarity between the African green monkey (AGM) and SIVagm phylogenies has long been held as suggestive of ancient codivergence between SIVs and their primate hosts. Here, we present well-resolved phylogenies based on full-length AGM mitochondrial genomes and seven previously published SIVagm genomes; these allowed us to perform the first rigorous phylogenetic test to our knowledge of the hypothesis that SIVagm codiverged with the AGMs. Using the Shimodaira–Hasegawa test, we show that the AGM mitochondrial genomes and SIVagm did not evolve along the same topology. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the SIVagm topology can be explained by a pattern of west-to-east transmission of the virus across existing AGM geographic ranges. Using a relaxed molecular clock, we also provide a date for the most recent common ancestor of the AGMs at approximately 3 million years ago. This study substantially weakens the theory of ancient SIV infection followed by codivergence with its primate hosts. Elucidating the factors that influence the emergence of viral pathogens is of great importance to the study of infectious disease. HIV is understood to have originated from simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) infecting nonhuman African primates, but the length of time the virus has been present in these apes and monkeys is not known. These infected primates do not normally develop immunodeficiency, and understanding the age of SIV might help explain why. It has been suggested that some of these monkeys have been infected for millions of years, because many closely related monkey species are infected with closely related viruses. One of the most prominent examples of this relationship is between the African green monkeys and their SIVs. In this study, we compared viral phylogenetic trees to those of their hosts' mitochondrial genomes and found that they do not support the theory of ancient infection followed by codivergence. Our results suggest that SIV did not infect these monkeys until after speciation and subsequently swept across their geographical ranges. If this infection is relatively recent, then avirulence may have evolved over a shorter time frame than previously suggested. This finding could have implications for the future trajectory of HIV disease severity.
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