Pyrethroid-resistance and presence of two knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations, F1534C and a novel mutation T1520I, in Indian Aedes aegypti.
Pyrethroid-resistance and presence of two knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations, F1534C and a novel mutation T1520I, in Indian Aedes aegypti.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pntd.0003332
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发表时间：
2015-01
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Singh OP
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kushwah RB;Dykes CL;Kapoor N;Adak T;Singh OP
控制埃及伊蚊是登革热、基孔肯雅热和黄热病的蚊子媒介，是一项具有挑战性的任务。拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂已成为病媒控制的首选，但因出现抗药性而受到威胁。本研究报告了拟除虫菊酯抗性的焦点和存在的两个kdr突变F1534 C和一个新的突变T1520 I，在Ae。来自印度德里的埃及人。成年雌性Ae.埃及伊蚊对DDT（4%）、溴氰菊酯（0.05%）和二氯苯醚菊酯（0.75%）的敏感性测定结果表明，埃及伊蚊对DDT、溴氰菊酯和二氯苯醚菊酯均产生抗性，校正死亡率分别为35%、72%和76%。对蚊子进行了kdr突变筛查，包括先前报道的突变（I1011 V/M、V1016 G/I、F1534 C、D1794 Y和S989 P），这些突变揭示了F1534 C和新突变T1520 I的存在。高度特异性的PCR-RFLP检测被开发用于这两种突变的基因分型。采用等位基因特异性PCR和新的PCR-RFLP方法进行基因分型，发现F1534 C的频率较高（0.41-0.79），而新突变T1520 I的频率较低（0.13）。后者被观察到与F1534 C紧密连锁，并可能作为补偿突变。F1534 C突变与Ae.埃及成立。然而，F1534 C-kdr对氯菊酯没有显著的保护作用。德里的埃及伊蚊种群对滴滴涕、溴氰菊酯和氯菊酯具有抗药性。两个kdr突变，F1534 C和一个新的突变T1520 I，在这个群体中被确定。这是第一次报告的kdr突变存在于印度Ae。埃及人口。高度特异性的PCR-RFLP检测开发的歧视在两个kdr基因座的等位基因。F1534 C突变与DDT和溴氰菊酯抗性呈正相关。登革热和基孔肯雅热是印度两种重要的人类虫媒病毒感染，主要由埃及伊蚊传播。在没有针对这些感染的任何特定药物或疫苗的情况下，病媒控制和个人保护是唯一可用的控制选择。以杀虫剂为基础的病媒控制的成功在很大程度上取决于对病媒种群中杀虫剂抗药性状况的了解以及杀虫剂抗药性的基本机制，特别是在存在交叉抗药性的情况下。击倒抗性（kdr）是赋予对滴滴涕和拟除虫菊酯交叉抗性的抗性机制之一。目前，拟除虫菊酯是建议用于长效驱虫蚊帐的唯一杀虫剂类别，并已证明上级病媒控制方案中使用的所有其他杀虫剂，因为它对哺乳动物的毒性低，在自然界中的残留活性低，而且具有快速击倒作用。本研究旨在确定Ae的敏感性。埃及伊蚊对滴滴涕和拟除虫菊酯的抗性，以及kdr突变的鉴定。虽然在Ae.埃及伊蚊在许多国家都有报告，但印度没有这样的报告。本研究首次报道了两个kdr突变，F1534 C和一个新的突变T1520 I，在印度Ae的存在。埃及人口。
Control of Aedes aegypti, the mosquito vector of dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever, is a challenging task. Pyrethroid insecticides have emerged as a preferred choice for vector control but are threatened by the emergence of resistance. The present study reports a focus of pyrethroid resistance and presence of two kdr mutations—F1534C and a novel mutation T1520I, in Ae. aegypti from Delhi, India. Insecticide susceptibility status of adult-female Ae. aegypti against DDT (4%), deltamethrin (0.05%) and permethrin (0.75%) was determined using WHO's standard insecticide susceptibility kit, which revealed resistance to DDT, deltamethrin and permethrin with corrected mortalities of 35%, 72% and 76% respectively. Mosquitoes were screened for the presence of kdr mutations including those reported earlier (I1011V/M, V1016G/I, F1534C, D1794Y and S989P), which revealed the presence of F1534C and a novel mutation T1520I. Highly specific PCR-RFLP assays were developed for genotyping of these two mutations. Genotyping using allele specific PCR and new PCR-RFLP assays revealed a high frequency of F1534C (0.41–0.79) and low frequency of novel mutation T1520I (0.13). The latter was observed to be tightly linked with F1534C and possibly serve as a compensatory mutation. A positive association of F1534C mutation with DDT and deltamethrin resistance in Ae. aegypti was established. However, F1534C-kdr did not show significant protection against permethrin. The Aedes aegypti population of Delhi is resistant to DDT, deltamethrin and permethrin. Two kdr mutations, F1534C and a novel mutation T1520I, were identified in this population. This is the first report of kdr mutations being present in the Indian Ae. aegypti population. Highly specific PCR-RFLP assays were developed for discrimination of alleles at both kdr loci. A positive association of F1534C mutation with DDT and deltamethrin resistance was confirmed. Dengue and chikungunya are the two important human arboviral infections in India transmitted mainly by Aedes aegypti. In absence of any specific drug or vaccine for these infections, vector control and personal protection are the only control options available. The success of insecticide-based vector control heavily relies upon the knowledge of the status of insecticide resistance in vector populations and the underlying mechanisms of insecticide resistance, especially in the presence of cross-resistance. Knockdown resistance (kdr) is one of the mechanisms of resistance that confers cross-resistance to DDT and pyrethroids. Currently, pyrethroids are the only insecticide class recommended for use in long-lasting insecticide nets (LLIN) and have proven superior to all other insecticides used in vector control programme, due to low mammalian toxicity, low residual activity in nature and rapid knockdown action. The present study was undertaken to determine the susceptibility status of Ae. aegypti against DDT and pyrethroids, and identification of kdr mutations. Though the presence of kdr mutations in Ae. aegypti has been reported in many countries, such a report is not available from India. This study for the first time reports the presence of two kdr mutations, F1534C and a novel mutation T1520I, in an Indian Ae. aegypti population.
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