Safety learning during development: Implications for development of psychopathology.
Safety learning during development: Implications for development of psychopathology.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113297
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发表时间：
2021-06-25
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Jovanovic T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Grasser LR;Jovanovic T
恐惧和安全学习是在成熟过程中发展的必要的适应行为。虽然有大量关于成人恐惧和安全学习的神经生物学的文献，但对于发育过程中的安全学习知之甚少。鉴于大脑的发育变化，安全学习也会发生相应的可量化的变化；这些可能有助于预测儿童和青少年恐惧和焦虑相关疾病的风险并指出治疗目标。对于健康、典型发育中的青少年来说，观察到的主要发育变化是与青少年和成人相比，儿童对威胁和安全线索的区分减少，而与成人相比，青少年的消退学习表现较低。这种区别可能与杏仁核相对于前额皮质更快成熟以及两者之间的功能回路发育不完全有关。恐惧和焦虑相关的疾病、儿童期虐待和行为问题都与青少年安全学习的改变有关，这种功能障碍可能会持续到成年期，并导致大脑结构和功能的相应异常，包括杏仁核肥大和过度反应。由于对安全恐惧的抑制受损可能反映了发育中的大脑和随后的精神病理学的异常，因此安全学习受损可以被视为风险的预测因子和治疗目标。为了改善个体的结果并减少发育精神病理学的长期影响，需要对发育过程进行纵向神经影像学研究，以及质疑干预措施变化的研究。
Fear and safety learning are necessary adaptive behaviors that develop over the course of maturation. While there is a large body of literature regarding the neurobiology of fear and safety learning in adults, less is known regarding safety learning during development. Given developmental changes in the brain, there are corresponding changes in safety learning that are quantifiable; these may serve to predict risk and point to treatment targets for fear and anxiety-related disorders in children and adolescents. For healthy, typically developing youth, the main developmental variation observed is reduced discrimination between threat and safety cues in children compared to adolescents and adults, while lower expression of extinction learning is exhibited in adolescents compared to adults. Such distinctions may be related to faster maturation of the amygdala relative to the prefrontal cortex, as well as incompletely developed functional circuits between the two. Fear and anxiety-related disorders, childhood maltreatment, and behavioral problems are all associated with alterations in safety learning for youth, and this dysfunction may proceed into adulthood with corresponding abnormalities in brain structure and function—including amygdala hypertrophy and hyperreactivity. As impaired inhibition of fear to safety may reflect abnormalities in the developing brain and subsequent psychopathology, impaired safety learning may be considered as both a predictor of risk and a treatment target. Longitudinal neuroimaging studies over the course of development, and studies that query change with interventions are needed in order to improve outcomes for individuals and reduce long-term impact of developmental psychopathology.
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DOI：
10.4088/jcp.08m04638blu
发表时间：
2010-08
期刊：
The Journal of clinical psychiatry
影响因子：
--
作者：
Boggio PS;Rocha M;Oliveira MO;Fecteau S;Cohen RB;Campanhã C;Ferreira-Santos E;Meleiro A;Corchs F;Zaghi S;Pascual-Leone A;Fregni F
通讯作者：
Fregni F
影响因子：
26.1
作者：
Bick, Johanna;Zhu, Tong;Stamoulis, Catherine;Fox, Nathan A.;Zeanah, Charles;Nelson, Charles A.
通讯作者：
Nelson, Charles A.
影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Bramen, Jennifer E.;Hranilovich, Jennifer A.;Sowell, Elizabeth R.
通讯作者：
Sowell, Elizabeth R.
早期培养行为抑制的水平预测了小儿焦虑的明显神经发育途径。
影响因子：
6.9
作者：
Abend R;Swetlitz C;White LK;Shechner T;Bar-Haim Y;Filippi C;Kircanski K;Haller SP;Benson BE;Chen G;Leibenluft E;Fox NA;Pine DS
通讯作者：
Pine DS
影响因子：
4.6
作者：
Bjorkstrand, Johannes;Schiller, Daniela;Kirk, Ulrich
通讯作者：
Kirk, Ulrich