Optophysiology: Illuminating cell physiology with optogenetics.

Optophysiology: Illuminating cell physiology with optogenetics.
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Optophysiology:Illuminating cell physiology with optogenetics(光生理学:用光遗传学照亮细胞生理学)

DOI:
10.1152/physrev.00021.2021
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发表时间:
2022-07-01
影响因子:
33.6
通讯作者:
Zhou Y
Zhou Y
中科院分区:
医学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Tan P;He L;Huang Y;Zhou Y

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光遗传学结合了光和遗传学,能够精确控制具有定制功能的活细胞,组织和生物体。光遗传学具有无创性、快速响应性、可调可逆性和优越的上级时空分辨率等优点。在最初发现微生物视蛋白作为光致离子通道之后,大量天然存在的或工程化的光感受器或光敏结构域对不同波长的光做出反应,迎来了光遗传学的下一章。通过蛋白质工程和合成生物学方法,基因编码的光开关可以模块化地设计到蛋白质支架或宿主细胞中,以控制无数的生物过程,以及实现体内行为控制和疾病干预。在这里,我们总结了这些光遗传学工具的基础上,他们的基本光化学性质,以更好地告知化学基础和设计原则。我们还强调了无视蛋白光遗传学在解剖细胞生理学(指定为“optophysiology”)中的示例性应用,并描述了无线光遗传学的当前进展以及未来趋势,无线光遗传学能够以最小的侵入性远程询问生理过程。预计这篇综述将引发关于工程化下一代光遗传学工具和设备的新想法,这些工具和设备有望加速基础和转化研究。
Optogenetics combines light and genetics to enable precise control of living cells, tissues, and organisms with tailored functions. Optogenetics has the advantages of noninvasiveness, rapid responsiveness, tunable reversibility, and superior spatiotemporal resolution. Following the initial discovery of microbial opsins as light-actuated ion channels, a plethora of naturally occurring or engineered photoreceptors or photosensitive domains that respond to light at varying wavelengths has ushered in the next chapter of optogenetics. Through protein engineering and synthetic biology approaches, genetically encoded photoswitches can be modularly engineered into protein scaffolds or host cells to control a myriad of biological processes, as well as to enable behavioral control and disease intervention in vivo. Here, we summarize these optogenetic tools on the basis of their fundamental photochemical properties to better inform the chemical basis and design principles. We also highlight exemplary applications of opsin-free optogenetics in dissecting cellular physiology (designated “optophysiology”) and describe the current progress, as well as future trends, in wireless optogenetics, which enables remote interrogation of physiological processes with minimal invasiveness. This review is anticipated to spark novel thoughts on engineering next-generation optogenetic tools and devices that promise to accelerate both basic and translational studies.
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