Frequent and recent human acquisition of simian foamy viruses through apes' bites in central Africa.
Frequent and recent human acquisition of simian foamy viruses through apes' bites in central Africa.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.ppat.1002306
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发表时间：
2011-10
期刊：
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Gessain A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Betsem E;Rua R;Tortevoye P;Froment A;Gessain A
人类感染猴泡沫病毒(SFV)可由职业接触非人类灵长类动物(NHP)或在自然环境中接触的人获得。本研究旨在更好地了解SFV的传播动态、人兽共患感染的危险因素以及家庭内传播情况和感染者外周血病毒载量水平。我们研究了1321名普通成年人(平均年龄49岁，640名女性和681名男性)和198名个体，其中大部分是男性，他们都遇到过NHP导致的咬伤或抓伤。所有这些人，要么是俾格米人(436)，要么是班图人(1085)，生活在喀麦隆南部的村庄里。用特异的SFV Western印迹杂交，对所有阳性/疑似样本进行两次套式聚合酶链式反应(聚合酶和LTR)。在一般人群中，发现2/1321人(0.2%)感染。在第二组中，有37/198人(18.6%)SFV阳性。感染主要是猿类(37/39)FV(主要是大猩猩)。猴FV感染发生率较低(2/39)。扩增序列的病毒来源与猎人报告的病史相匹配，其中大多数(83%)年龄在20岁至40岁之间，并在过去20年中感染。被大猩猩FV感染的33个个体的外周血白细胞的病毒载量相当低(每105个细胞有1到145个拷贝)。在来自FV感染者家庭的30名妻子和12名儿童中，只有一名妇女在WB中血清阳性，随后没有进行病毒DNA扩增。我们展示了最近在自然环境中向人类传播SFV的高水平，特别是在狩猎活动中被大猩猩咬伤之后。该病毒被发现持续了几年，感染者的SFV载量较低。二次传播仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。过去几十年在人类身上出现的大多数病毒病原体都源于人畜共患病。在最初的物种间传播之后，这些病毒遵循了不同的进化路线，并通过不同的机制在人类之间传播。对几种病毒和相关疾病出现的最初步骤的了解往往仍然很差。人类感染猴泡沫病毒(SFV)可由职业接触非人类灵长类动物(NHP)或在自然环境中接触的人获得。在特定的高危人群中进行流行病学和微生物学研究是必要的，以获得对出现过程的早期事件的新见解，以及在人类中传播或导致疾病的可能性。目前的研究发现，狩猎仍然是喀麦隆南部林区感染SFV的一种非常普遍和危险的活动。事实上，最近向年轻人传播SFV的物种间传播仍然非常频繁，因为在报告被非人类灵长类咬伤或抓伤的猎人中，每5人中就有1人被SFV持续感染，在一般人口中，每1000人中就有2人持续感染SFV，主要是从猿身上感染。向其他家庭成员进行二次传播以及感染者中是否存在疾病仍是有待解决的问题，目前正在进行调查。
Human infection by simian foamy viruses (SFV) can be acquired by persons occupationally exposed to non-human primates (NHP) or in natural settings. This study aimed at getting better knowledge on SFV transmission dynamics, risk factors for such a zoonotic infection and, searching for intra-familial dissemination and the level of peripheral blood (pro)viral loads in infected individuals. We studied 1,321 people from the general adult population (mean age 49 yrs, 640 women and 681 men) and 198 individuals, mostly men, all of whom had encountered a NHP with a resulting bite or scratch. All of these, either Pygmies (436) or Bantus (1085) live in villages in South Cameroon. A specific SFV Western blot was used and two nested PCRs (polymerase, and LTR) were done on all the positive/borderline samples by serology. In the general population, 2/1,321 (0.2%) persons were found to be infected. In the second group, 37/198 (18.6%) persons were SFV positive. They were mostly infected by apes (37/39) FV (mainly gorilla). Infection by monkey FV was less frequent (2/39). The viral origin of the amplified sequences matched with the history reported by the hunters, most of which (83%) are aged 20 to 40 years and acquired the infection during the last twenty years. The (pro)viral load in 33 individuals infected by a gorilla FV was quite low (<1 to 145 copies per 105 cells) in the peripheral blood leucocytes. Of the 30 wives and 12 children from families of FV infected persons, only one woman was seropositive in WB without subsequent viral DNA amplification. We demonstrate a high level of recent transmission of SFVs to humans in natural settings specifically following severe gorilla bites during hunting activities. The virus was found to persist over several years, with low SFV loads in infected persons. Secondary transmission remains an open question. Most of the viral pathogens that have emerged in humans during the last decades have a zoonotic origin. After the initial interspecies transmission, these viruses have followed different evolutionary routes and have spread among humans through distinct mechanisms. The understanding of the initial steps of the emergence of several viruses and associated diseases often remains quite poor. Human infection by simian foamy viruses (SFV) can be acquired by persons occupationally exposed to non-human primates (NHP) or in natural settings. Epidemiological and microbiological studies in specific high-risk populations are necessary to gain new insights into the early events of the emergence process, and the potential to spread or cause disease among humans. The present study found that hunting is still a very common and risky activity for SFV infection in forest areas of South Cameroon. Indeed, recent interspecies transmission of SFVs to young adults is still very frequent, as 1 person out of 5 among the hunters who have reported a bite or scratch by a non-human primate and 2 persons out of a thousand in the general population are persistently infected by a SFV, mostly from an ape. Secondary transmission to other family members and presence of a disease in infected persons are still open questions that are being investigated.
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