A longitudinal assessment of vocabulary retention in symbol-competent chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).
A longitudinal assessment of vocabulary retention in symbol-competent chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0118408
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Heimbauer LA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Beran MJ;Heimbauer LA
20世纪60年代至90年代的一些研究评估了类人猿和其他动物的象征能力。这些研究提供了不同形式的证据，证明一些物种能够通过富有成效的符号使用和对符号刺激的理解来象征性地代表他们的世界。语言研究中心的一个这样的项目涉及训练黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）使用lexigram符号（代表物体，动作，位置和个人的几何视觉刺激）。这些研究已经有40多年的历史了，参与这些研究的猿类中只有少数还活着。在1999年至2008年的10年期间，对其中三只黑猩猩（以及第四只对照黑猩猩）进行了评估，以确定它们是否继续掌握字形符号，以及其中一只黑猩猩是否继续理解人类语言。这篇文章描述了纵向评估，并概述了在这十年之久的时间里，这些黑猩猩保留符号能力的程度。所有的黑猩猩都表现出了对字形词汇的保留，尽管个体之间保留的单词数量存在差异。一只黑猩猩也表现出持续保留人类的言语感知。这些保留的词汇主要包括食物名称，但也包括不可食用的物体，地点，个人和一些动作的名称。这些保留下来的词汇中有许多是关于黑猩猩日常生活中不常见的事情，以及黑猩猩很少要求的事情。因此，这些黑猩猩在符号丰富的环境中的早期经历已经产生了对符号意义的长期记忆，这些能力有助于比较认知中各种主题的研究。
A number of studies from the 1960s to 1990s assessed the symbolic competence of great apes and other animals. These studies provided varying forms of evidence that some species were capable of symbolically representing their worlds, both through productive symbol use and comprehension of symbolic stimuli. One such project at the Language Research Center involved training chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to use lexigram symbols (geometric visual stimuli that represented objects, actions, locations, and individuals). Those studies now are more than 40 years old, and only a few of the apes involved in those studies are still alive. Three of these chimpanzees (and a fourth, control chimpanzee) were assessed across a 10-year period from 1999 to 2008 for their continued knowledge of lexigram symbols and, in the case of one chimpanzee, the continued ability to comprehend human speech. This article describes that longitudinal assessment and outlines the degree to which symbol competence was retained by these chimpanzees across that decade-long period. All chimpanzees showed retention of lexigram vocabularies, although there were differences in the number of words that were retained across the individuals. One chimpanzee also showed continual retention of human speech perception. These retained vocabularies largely consisted of food item names, but also names of inedible objects, locations, individuals, and some actions. Many of these retained words were for things that are not common in the daily lives of the chimpanzees and for things that are rarely requested by the chimpanzees. Thus, the early experiences of these chimpanzees in symbol-rich environments have produced long-lasting memories for symbol meaning, and those competencies have benefited research in a variety of topics in comparative cognition.
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影响因子：
2.7
作者：
Fragaszy DM;Kennedy E;Murnane A;Menzel C;Brewer G;Johnson-Pynn J;Hopkins W
通讯作者：
Hopkins W
影响因子：
1.4
作者：
GARDNER, RA;GARDNER, BT
通讯作者：
GARDNER, BT
DOI：
10.1146/annurev-anthro-102313-030223
发表时间：
2014-01-01
期刊：
ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANTHROPOLOGY, VOL 43
影响因子：
--
作者：
Bard, Kim A.;Leavens, David A.
通讯作者：
Leavens, David A.
影响因子：
2.7
作者：
Beran, Michael J.;Evans, Theodore A.;Hopkins, William D.
通讯作者：
Hopkins, William D.
影响因子：
1.3
作者：
Beran, Michael J.
通讯作者：
Beran, Michael J.