The Wiring of Developing Sensory Circuits-From Patterned Spontaneous Activity to Synaptic Plasticity Mechanisms.
The Wiring of Developing Sensory Circuits-From Patterned Spontaneous Activity to Synaptic Plasticity Mechanisms.
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DOI：
10.3389/fncir.2016.00071
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Lohmann C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Leighton AH;Lohmann C
为了准确地处理传入的感官刺激，神经元必须组织成功能网络，遗传和环境因素都会影响细胞之间连接的精确排列。在这一成熟过程中，分子引导线索、自发活动和视觉体验的相对贡献正在进行中。在感觉系统的发育过程中，最初的、粗略的连接组织是由分子因素产生的。然后，这些连接被神经元内在产生的活动所调节，甚至在感觉开始运作之前。自发的去极化波横扫整个神经系统，将它们置于一个首要位置，以加强正确的连接，削弱其他连接，将突触塑造成一个有用的网络。现在，大量的研究工作支持这样一种观点：自发活动并不仅仅是系统的副作用，它实际上包含着使神经系统做好准备的信息，因此，一旦感觉变得活跃，感觉信息就可以被动物利用。一个例子是新生小鼠。当眼睑第一次打开时，皮层中的神经元对视觉信息作出反应，而动物先前没有遇到结构化的感觉输入（Cang等人，; Rochefort等人，Zhang et al.，; Ko等人，）。活体成像技术已经取得了相当大的进步，可以观察活体动物大脑中的自然活动，甚至可以观察到单个突触的水平。新的（光）遗传学方法使人们有可能微妙地调节活动的时空特性，帮助我们了解这些特征如何与自发活动的功能。这样的实验对我们的知识产生了巨大的影响，因为它允许直接测试关于在完整系统中发挥作用的可塑性机制的想法，并提出了一系列具有挑衅性的新问题。在这里，我们打算概述最新的描述在啮齿动物发展的感觉区的自发活动模式，以及我们可以做出的推论，这些活动模式的信息内容和想法的可塑性规则，使这种活动塑造年轻的大脑。
In order to accurately process incoming sensory stimuli, neurons must be organized into functional networks, with both genetic and environmental factors influencing the precise arrangement of connections between cells. Teasing apart the relative contributions of molecular guidance cues, spontaneous activity and visual experience during this maturation is on-going. During development of the sensory system, the first, rough organization of connections is created by molecular factors. These connections are then modulated by the intrinsically generated activity of neurons, even before the senses have become operational. Spontaneous waves of depolarizations sweep across the nervous system, placing them in a prime position to strengthen correct connections and weaken others, shaping synapses into a useful network. A large body of work now support the idea that, rather than being a mere side-effect of the system, spontaneous activity actually contains information which readies the nervous system so that, as soon as the senses become active, sensory information can be utilized by the animal. An example is the neonatal mouse. As soon as the eyelids first open, neurons in the cortex respond to visual information without the animal having previously encountered structured sensory input (Cang et al.,; Rochefort et al.,; Zhang et al.,; Ko et al.,). In vivo imaging techniques have advanced considerably, allowing observation of the natural activity in the brain of living animals down to the level of the individual synapse. New (opto)genetic methods make it possible to subtly modulate the spatio-temporal properties of activity, aiding our understanding of how these characteristics relate to the function of spontaneous activity. Such experiments have had a huge impact on our knowledge by permitting direct testing of ideas about the plasticity mechanisms at play in the intact system, opening up a provocative range of fresh questions. Here, we intend to outline the most recent descriptions of spontaneous activity patterns in rodent developing sensory areas, as well as the inferences we can make about the information content of those activity patterns and ideas about the plasticity rules that allow this activity to shape the young brain.
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