Rational snacking: young children's decision-making on the marshmallow task is moderated by beliefs about environmental reliability.
Rational snacking: young children's decision-making on the marshmallow task is moderated by beliefs about environmental reliability.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cognition.2012.08.004
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发表时间：
2013-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Aslin RN
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kidd C;Palmeri H;Aslin RN
众所周知，孩子们不善于推迟满足感以获得更大的回报(例如，)--有些人比另一些人更不善于等待。等待能力的个体差异被归因于自我控制，部分原因是有证据表明，拖延时间长的人在晚年更成功(例如)。在这里，我们提供的证据表明，除了自我控制之外，儿童的等待时间还受到考虑环境可靠性的隐含的、理性的决策过程的影响。我们测试了儿童(M=4；6，N=28)，使用了一个经典的范例--棉花糖任务--在一个被证明不可靠或可靠的环境中。处于可靠状态的孩子比处于不可靠状态的孩子等待的时间要长得多(p<；0.0005)，这表明孩子们的等待时间反映了关于等待最终是否会有回报的合理信念。因此，持续延迟满足任务(例如，棉花糖任务)的等待时间可能不仅反映了自我控制能力的差异，也反映了对世界稳定性的信念。
Children are notoriously bad at delaying gratification to achieve later, greater rewards (e.g.,)—and some are worse at waiting than others. Individual differences in the ability-to-wait have been attributed to self-control, in part because of evidence that long-delayers are more successful in later life (e.g.,). Here we provide evidence that, in addition to self-control, children’s wait-times are modulated by an implicit, rational decision-making process that considers environmental reliability. We tested children (M = 4;6, N = 28) using a classic paradigm—the marshmallow task —in an environment demonstrated to be either unreliable or reliable. Children in the reliable condition waited significantly longer than those in the unreliable condition (p < 0.0005), suggesting that children’s wait-times reflected reasoned beliefs about whether waiting would ultimately pay off. Thus, wait-times on sustained delay-of-gratification tasks (e.g., the marshmallow task) may not only reflect differences in self-control abilities, but also beliefs about the stability of the world.
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影响因子：
56.9
作者：
Gweon, Hyowon;Schulz, Laura
通讯作者：
Schulz, Laura
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
Romer, Daniel;Duckworth, Angela L.;Sznitman, Sharon;Park, Sunhee
通讯作者：
Park, Sunhee
影响因子：
7.6
作者：
MISCHEL, W;STAUB, E
通讯作者：
STAUB, E
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
MISCHEL, W;SHODA, Y;RODRIGUEZ, ML
通讯作者：
RODRIGUEZ, ML
DOI：
10.1037/h0046877
发表时间：
1961-01-01
期刊：
JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
影响因子：
--
作者：
MISCHEL, W
通讯作者：
MISCHEL, W