Pharmaceuticals in tap water: human health risk assessment and proposed monitoring framework in China.
Pharmaceuticals in tap water: human health risk assessment and proposed monitoring framework in China.
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自来水中的药物：中国人类健康风险评估和拟议监测框架
DOI：
10.1289/ehp.1206244
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发表时间：
2013-07
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Lam PK
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Leung HW;Jin L;Wei S;Tsui MM;Zhou B;Jiao L;Cheung PC;Chun YK;Murphy MB;Lam PK
背景：已知药物污染全球自来水，但在中国尚未评估相关的人类健康风险。目的：我们监测了中国自来水中的32种药物，并评估了暴露的终身人类健康风险，以便为未来的优先级和风险管理提供信息。研究方法：我们分析了来自13个城市的样本（n = 113），并将检测到的浓度与现有或新得出的安全水平进行比较，以评估不同生命阶段（不包括产前阶段）的风险因素（RQ）。结果：我们在89%的样品中检测到17种药物，其中大多数可检测浓度（92%）< 50 ng/L。在≥ 20%的样本中发现咖啡因（中位-最大值，纳克/升：24.4-564）、甲硝唑（1.8-19.3）、水杨酸（16.6-41.2）、氯贝酸（1.2-3.3）、卡马西平（1.3-6.7）和二甲硝咪唑（6.9-14.7）。长江流域城市和广州被认为是污染热点，因为水平升高和频繁的阳性检测。在检测到的17种药物中，13种显示出非常低的风险水平，但4种（即，二甲硝咪唑、甲砜霉素、磺胺二甲嘧啶和克拉霉素）至少有一个生命阶段RQ ≥ 0.01，尤其是婴儿和儿童生命阶段，应优先考虑进行管理。我们提出了一个基于指标的监测框架，为中国的水源识别、水处理效果和水安全管理提供信息。结论：中国自来水是人类暴露于药物的另一种途径，特别是二甲硝咪唑，尽管根据目前的毒性数据，对人类健康的风险较低。该监测框架的药物检测和应用可用于中国和其他地方的水源保护和风险管理。
Background: Pharmaceuticals are known to contaminate tap water worldwide, but the relevant human health risks have not been assessed in China. Objectives: We monitored 32 pharmaceuticals in Chinese tap water and evaluated the life-long human health risks of exposure in order to provide information for future prioritization and risk management. Methods: We analyzed samples (n = 113) from 13 cities and compared detected concentrations with existing or newly-derived safety levels for assessing risk quotients (RQs) at different life stages, excluding the prenatal stage. Results: We detected 17 pharmaceuticals in 89% of samples, with most detectable concentrations (92%) at < 50 ng/L. Caffeine (median–maximum, nanograms per liter: 24.4–564), metronidazole (1.8–19.3), salicylic acid (16.6–41.2), clofibric acid (1.2–3.3), carbamazepine (1.3–6.7), and dimetridazole (6.9–14.7) were found in ≥ 20% of samples. Cities within the Yangtze River region and Guangzhou were regarded as contamination hot spots because of elevated levels and frequent positive detections. Of the 17 pharmaceuticals detected, 13 showed very low risk levels, but 4 (i.e., dimetridazole, thiamphenicol, sulfamethazine, and clarithromycin) were found to have at least one life-stage RQ ≥ 0.01, especially for the infant and child life stages, and should be considered of high priority for management. We propose an indicator-based monitoring framework for providing information for source identification, water treatment effectiveness, and water safety management in China. Conclusion: Chinese tap water is an additional route of human exposure to pharmaceuticals, particularly for dimetridazole, although the risk to human health is low based on current toxicity data. Pharmaceutical detection and application of the proposed monitoring framework can be used for water source protection and risk management in China and elsewhere.
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