Psychobiotics and the Manipulation of Bacteria-Gut-Brain Signals.
Psychobiotics and the Manipulation of Bacteria-Gut-Brain Signals.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.tins.2016.09.002
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发表时间：
2016-11
影响因子：
15.9
通讯作者：
Burnet PWJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sarkar A;Lehto SM;Harty S;Dinan TG;Cryan JF;Burnet PWJ
精神抗生素之前被定义为活细菌（益生菌），摄入后可通过与共生肠道细菌的相互作用带来心理健康益处。我们将这个定义扩展为包括益生元，它可以促进有益肠道细菌的生长。我们回顾了益生菌和益生元对与健康和疾病相关的情绪、认知、系统和神经变量的影响。我们讨论了肠道-大脑信号传导机制，以实现心理生物效应，例如代谢物的产生。总体而言，关于微生物组如何响应外源影响的知识仍然有限。我们列出了几个重要的研究问题和问题，对这些问题的探索将产生机械见解并促进未来心理生物学的发展。我们建议将精神抗生素的定义扩展到益生菌和益生元之外，以包括影响微生物组的其他方式。精神抗生素是有益细菌（益生菌）或支持此类细菌（益生元），影响细菌与大脑的关系。精神抗生素发挥抗焦虑和抗抑郁作用，其特征是情绪、认知、系统和神经指标的变化。精神抗生素发挥作用的细菌-大脑沟通渠道包括肠神经系统和免疫系统。目前的未知因素包括剂量反应和长期影响。精神生物学的定义应扩大到任何对大脑产生影响的外源性影响是由细菌介导的。
Psychobiotics were previously defined as live bacteria (probiotics) which, when ingested, confer mental health benefits through interactions with commensal gut bacteria. We expand this definition to encompass prebiotics, which enhance the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. We review probiotic and prebiotic effects on emotional, cognitive, systemic, and neural variables relevant to health and disease. We discuss gut–brain signalling mechanisms enabling psychobiotic effects, such as metabolite production. Overall, knowledge of how the microbiome responds to exogenous influence remains limited. We tabulate several important research questions and issues, exploration of which will generate both mechanistic insights and facilitate future psychobiotic development. We suggest the definition of psychobiotics be expanded beyond probiotics and prebiotics to include other means of influencing the microbiome. Psychobiotics are beneficial bacteria (probiotics) or support for such bacteria (prebiotics) that influence bacteria–brain relationships. Psychobiotics exert anxiolytic and antidepressant effects characterised by changes in emotional, cognitive, systemic, and neural indices. Bacteria–brain communication channels through which psychobiotics exert effects include the enteric nervous system and the immune system. Current unknowns include dose-responses and long-term effects. The definition of psychobiotics should be expanded to any exogenous influence whose effect on the brain is bacterially-mediated.
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