Mosaic genome of endobacteria in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Transkingdom gene transfer in an ancient mycoplasma-fungus association

Mosaic genome of endobacteria in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Transkingdom gene transfer in an ancient mycoplasma-fungus association
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丛枝菌根真菌内细菌的花叶基因组:古代支原体-真菌协会中的跨界基因转移

DOI:
10.1073/pnas.1501540112
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发表时间:
2015
期刊:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Arthur Schüßler
Arthur Schüßler
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Gloria Torres-Cortés;Stefano Ghignone;Paola Bonfante;Arthur Schüßler

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4.5亿多年来,丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)与绝大多数陆地植物形成了亲密的互利共生关系,是几乎所有陆地生态系统的主要驱动力。专性植物共生AMF宿主额外的共生体,所谓的柔膜菌相关内细菌(MRE)。为了揭示这些广泛分布但神秘的MRE的假定功能作用,我们对生活在AMFDentiscutata heterogama中的DhMRE的基因组进行了测序。多位点系统发育分析表明,MRE与支原体属的人型组形成一个以前未鉴定的姐妹谱系,DhMRE具有明显降低的代谢能力,其中55%的蛋白质具有未知的功能,这反映了对细胞内生活方式的独特适应。我们发现了MRE和AMF宿主之间跨王国基因转移的证据。至少有27个注释DhMRE蛋白显示出与AMF Rhizophagus irregularis的核编码蛋白的相似性,而AMF Rhizophagus irregularis本身缺乏MRE。此外,还可以鉴定出另一种AMF(Gigaspora margarita)的核编码同源物,令人惊讶的是,还可以鉴定出非AMF的轮叶被孢霉(Mortierella verticillata)。我们的数据表明,MRE-真菌协会的祖先thGlomeromycotaandMucoromycotina的可能起源。DhMRE基因组编码一个具有真核生物样结构域的推定调控蛋白库,其中一些编码在推定的基因组岛中。MRE是研究古老的专性内共生原核生物与其专性植物共生真菌宿主之间的进化和相互作用的非常有趣的候选者。此外,我们的数据可用于进一步有针对性的搜索古老的效应器样蛋白,可能是关键组成部分,在调节丛枝菌根共生。
For more than 450 million years, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have formed intimate, mutualistic symbioses with the vast majority of land plants and are major drivers in almost all terrestrial ecosystems. The obligate plant-symbiotic AMF host additional symbionts, so-calledMollicutes-related endobacteria (MRE). To uncover putative functional roles of these widespread but yet enigmatic MRE, we sequenced the genome ofDhMRE living in the AMFDentiscutata heterogama. Multilocus phylogenetic analyses showed that MRE form a previously unidentified lineage sister to the hominis group ofMycoplasmaspecies.DhMRE possesses a strongly reduced metabolic capacity with 55% of the proteins having unknown function, which reflects unique adaptations to an intracellular lifestyle. We found evidence for transkingdom gene transfer between MRE and their AMF host. At least 27 annotatedDhMRE proteins show similarities to nuclear-encoded proteins of the AMFRhizophagus irregularis, which itself lacks MRE. Nuclear-encoded homologs could moreover be identified for another AMF,Gigaspora margarita, and surprisingly, also the non-AMFMortierella verticillata. Our data indicate a possible origin of the MRE-fungus association in ancestors of theGlomeromycotaandMucoromycotina. TheDhMRE genome encodes an arsenal of putative regulatory proteins with eukaryotic-like domains, some of them encoded in putative genomic islands. MRE are highly interesting candidates to study the evolution and interactions between an ancient, obligate endosymbiotic prokaryote with its obligate plant-symbiotic fungal host. Our data moreover may be used for further targeted searches for ancient effector-like proteins that may be key components in the regulation of the arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis.
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