Abundance and Distribution of Enteric Bacteria and Viruses in Coastal and Estuarine Sediments-a Review.
Abundance and Distribution of Enteric Bacteria and Viruses in Coastal and Estuarine Sediments-a Review.
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DOI：
10.3389/fmicb.2016.01692
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Malham SK
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hassard F;Gwyther CL;Farkas K;Andrews A;Jones V;Cox B;Brett H;Jones DL;McDonald JE;Malham SK
从水质、人类健康和生态学的角度来看，沉积物中粪便指示生物（FIOs）和人类病原微生物的长期存活是重要的。通常，细菌和病毒都与淡水、河口和海洋环境中存在的颗粒物密切相关。这种关联往往是较强的纹理较细的沉积物，并强烈影响的类型和数量的粘土矿物和有机质。与颗粒表面的结合通过提供物理和化学保护以免受生物和非生物胁迫而促进细菌在环境中的持久存在。细菌和病毒的生存能力和致病性如何受到表面附着的影响需要进一步研究。通常，与包括沉积物在内的表面长期接触会诱导细菌进入可存活但不可培养（VBNC）状态。定量VBNC细菌的固有方法学挑战可能导致其在沉积物中的丰度经常被低估。在定量风险评估的背景下，这一点的影响仍然不清楚。同样，沉积物可以窝藏大量的肠道病毒，然而，调节其持久性的因素仍然知之甚少。由于我们从沉积物表面回收完整病毒颗粒的能力差（通常<10%），我们无法区分感染性和受损（非感染性）病毒颗粒，病毒颗粒的聚集和qPCR期间的抑制，沉积物中病毒的定量仍然存在问题。这表明沉积物中真正的病毒滴度可能被大大低估了。反过来，这限制了我们了解沉积物中病毒命运和运输的能力。模型系统（例如，人细胞培养物）也缺乏一些关键病毒，妨碍了我们评估从沉积物中回收的病毒的感染性的能力（例如，诺如病毒）。在沉积物再悬浮过程中，附着在颗粒上的细菌和病毒释放到水柱中，也对水质构成风险。总之，我们对病毒/细菌-沉积物相互作用的工艺水平理解不佳，加上方法学上的挑战，限制了水生环境中与沉积物相关的病原生物的准确源解析和定量微生物风险评估。
The long term survival of fecal indicator organisms (FIOs) and human pathogenic microorganisms in sediments is important from a water quality, human health and ecological perspective. Typically, both bacteria and viruses strongly associate with particulate matter present in freshwater, estuarine and marine environments. This association tends to be stronger in finer textured sediments and is strongly influenced by the type and quantity of clay minerals and organic matter present. Binding to particle surfaces promotes the persistence of bacteria in the environment by offering physical and chemical protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. How bacterial and viral viability and pathogenicity is influenced by surface attachment requires further study. Typically, long-term association with surfaces including sediments induces bacteria to enter a viable-but-non-culturable (VBNC) state. Inherent methodological challenges of quantifying VBNC bacteria may lead to the frequent under-reporting of their abundance in sediments. The implications of this in a quantitative risk assessment context remain unclear. Similarly, sediments can harbor significant amounts of enteric viruses, however, the factors regulating their persistence remains poorly understood. Quantification of viruses in sediment remains problematic due to our poor ability to recover intact viral particles from sediment surfaces (typically <10%), our inability to distinguish between infective and damaged (non-infective) viral particles, aggregation of viral particles, and inhibition during qPCR. This suggests that the true viral titre in sediments may be being vastly underestimated. In turn, this is limiting our ability to understand the fate and transport of viruses in sediments. Model systems (e.g., human cell culture) are also lacking for some key viruses, preventing our ability to evaluate the infectivity of viruses recovered from sediments (e.g., norovirus). The release of particle-bound bacteria and viruses into the water column during sediment resuspension also represents a risk to water quality. In conclusion, our poor process level understanding of viral/bacterial-sediment interactions combined with methodological challenges is limiting the accurate source apportionment and quantitative microbial risk assessment for pathogenic organisms associated with sediments in aquatic environments.
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影响因子：
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