Characterizing the Xenoma of Vairimorpha necatrix Provides Insights Into the Most Efficient Mode of Microsporidian Proliferation.
Characterizing the Xenoma of Vairimorpha necatrix Provides Insights Into the Most Efficient Mode of Microsporidian Proliferation.
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描述 Vairimorpha necatrix 异种瘤的特征为了解小孢子虫增殖的最有效模式提供了见解
DOI：
10.3389/fcimb.2021.699239
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发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
Zhou Z
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Li T;Fang Z;He Q;Wang C;Meng X;Yu B;Zhou Z
微孢子虫是一组强制性的细胞内寄生虫，可以感染几乎所有的脊椎动物和无脊椎动物，包括人类和经济动物。微孢子虫是多种昆虫的天然病原菌，可在宿主组织中大量增殖，形成肿瘤样异种瘤。然而，对这种异种瘤的亚细胞结构和内部病原体的增殖特征知之甚少。本文对蚕中肠肌细胞中产生的腺瘤异种瘤进行了研究。结果，感染后第12天开始在中肠外表面观察到白色异种瘤，随后变大，数量增多。扫描电镜观察，异种瘤多呈椭圆形和纺锤形，表面有密集的含病原体的突出物和孢子，可能是异种瘤通过胞吸作用脱落，可能是其他组织的感染源。透射电镜和荧光染色显示，异种瘤被单层膜包裹，在发育中的寄生虫周围充满了囊泡结构、线粒体和内质网，表明其产生了高水平的能量和营养物质，支持了寄生虫的大量增殖。在单个异种瘤中发现多个肥大核，提示囊肿可能是由多个肌细胞融合形成的。荧光原位杂交观察，异种瘤病原菌处于单孢子、单孢子、八孢子和成熟期。成熟孢子被推向中心，而营养性病原体在异种瘤的表层。芽孢体通常含有2 ~ 3个核，孢子体含有2个核，并被一层电子密度高的厚膜包裹。珠核弧菌孢子产生两种类型的孢子，普通的双核孢子和单细胞的八胞孢子，后者体积较小，包裹在孢子囊中。综上所述，颈颈弧菌异种瘤是一种可能由多个肌肉细胞融合形成的特化囊肿，提供高浓度的能量和营养物质，线粒体和内质网数量增加，使病原体在其中大量增殖。
Microsporidia are a group of obligated intracellular parasites that can infect nearly all vertebrates and invertebrates, including humans and economic animals. Microsporidian Vairimorpha necatrix is a natural pathogen of multiple insects and can massively proliferate by making tumor-like xenoma in host tissue. However, little is known about the subcellular structures of this xenoma and the proliferation features of the pathogens inside. Here, we characterized the V. necatrix xenoma produced in muscle cells of silkworm midgut. In result, the whitish xenoma was initially observed on the 12th day post infection on the outer surface of the midgut and later became larger and numerous. The observation by scanning electronic microscopy showed that the xenoma is mostly elliptical and spindle with dense pathogen-containing protrusions and spores on the surface, which were likely shedding off the xenoma through exocytosis and could be an infection source of other tissues. Demonstrated with transmission electron microscopy and fluorescent staining, the xenoma was enveloped by a monolayer membrane, and full of vesicle structures, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum around parasites in development, suggesting that high level of energy and nutrients were produced to support the massive proliferation of the parasites. Multiple hypertrophic nuclei were found in one single xenoma, indicating that the cyst was probably formed by fusion of multiple muscle cells. Observed by fluorescence in situ hybridization, pathogens in the xenoma were in merongony, sporogony, and octosporogony, and mature stages. And mature spores were pushed to the center while vegetative pathogens were in the surface layer of the xenoma. The V. necatrix meront usually contained two to three nuclei, and sporont contained two nuclei and was wrapped by a thick membrane with high electron density. The V. necatrix sporogony produces two types of spores, the ordinary dikaryotic spore and unicellular octospores, the latter of which were smaller in size and packed in a sporophorous vesicle. In summary, V. necatrix xenoma is a specialized cyst likely formed by fusion of multiple muscle cells and provides high concentration of energy and nutrients with increased number of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum for the massive proliferation of pathogens inside.
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影响因子：
4.1
作者：
Down, RE;Bell, HA;Edwards, JP
通讯作者：
Edwards, JP
影响因子：
2.4
作者：
Casal, G.;Matos, E.;Azevedo, C.
通讯作者：
Azevedo, C.
来自微孢子虫脑肠道的最小已知核基因组的完整序列。
影响因子：
16.6
作者：
Corradi, Nicolas;Pombert, Jean-Francois;Farinelli, Laurent;Didier, Elizabeth S.;Keeling, Patrick J.
通讯作者：
Keeling, Patrick J.
影响因子：
5.7
作者：
Bernal CE;Zorro MM;Sierra J;Gilchrist K;Botero JH;Baena A;Ramirez-Pineda JR
通讯作者：
Ramirez-Pineda JR
DOI：
10.1111/j.1550-7408.2011.00591.x
发表时间：
2012-01
期刊：
The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology
影响因子：
--
作者：
Cali A;Kent M;Sanders J;Pau C;Takvorian PM
通讯作者：
Takvorian PM