Associations between urinary excretion of cadmium and proteins in a nonsmoking population: renal toxicity or normal physiology?
Associations between urinary excretion of cadmium and proteins in a nonsmoking population: renal toxicity or normal physiology?
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DOI：
10.1289/ehp.1205418
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发表时间：
2013-02
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Barregard L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Akerstrom M;Sallsten G;Lundh T;Barregard L
背景：镉（Cd）与肾功能之间的关系，即使在低水平暴露在普通人群中也有报道。最近，这些关联的因果关系受到了质疑。目的：基于健康受试者的重复短期抽样，我们研究了尿Cd （U-Cd，一种暴露的生物标志物）和尿蛋白之间的关系，尿蛋白被用作肾脏效应的生物标志物。方法：选取30名健康非吸烟男女（中位年龄39岁），每2天、6个固定时间采集24小时尿液样本。我们分析了样本（N = 354）的Cd（即U-Cd）和两种用作肾功能生物标志物的蛋白质：尿白蛋白（U-Alb）和α -1微球蛋白（U-A1M）。根据肌酐浓度或比重调整浓度，计算排泄率（每小时质量）。在每个个体参与者中评估可能的关联，并评估平均相关性和回归。结果：我们发现U-Cd[平均值0.11µg/g肌酐（范围0.01-0.52µg/g肌酐）]与U-Alb和U-A1M的个体排泄之间存在明显的正相关。排泄率和按比重调整的浓度的相关性比按肌酐调整的浓度的相关性更强。我们还发现尿流与U-Cd、U-Alb和U-A1M的排泄有显著的正相关。结论：在个别非吸烟研究参与者中，U-Cd的短期变化与肾功能标志物之间的关联不太可能反映Cd毒性的影响。一种更可能的解释是，这些关联是由于肾功能的正常变化，包括尿流量的变化，影响尿中Cd和蛋白质在同一方向的排泄。正常变异性的这些影响可能导致在低水平镉暴露时高估镉对肾功能的不良影响。
Background: Associations between cadmium (Cd) and kidney function have been reported even at low levels of exposure in the general population. Recently, the causality of these associations has been questioned. Objectives: We examined associations between urinary Cd (U-Cd; a biomarker of exposure) and urinary proteins that are used as biomarkers of kidney effects, based on repeated short-term sampling in healthy subjects. Methods: Twenty-four hour urine samples were collected on 2 separate days at six fixed times from 30 healthy nonsmoking men and women (median age 39 years). We analyzed the samples (N = 354) for Cd (i.e., U-Cd) and two proteins used as kidney function biomarkers: urinary albumin (U-Alb) and alpha-1-microglobulin (U-A1M). Concentrations were adjusted for creatinine concentration or for specific gravity, and excretion rates (mass per hour) were calculated. Possible associations were assessed within each individual participant, and mean correlations and regressions were evaluated. Results: We found clear positive mean associations within individuals between the excretion of U-Cd [mean, 0.11 µg/g creatinine (range, 0.01–0.52 µg/g creatinine)] and both U-Alb and U-A1M. The associations were stronger for excretion rates and concentrations adjusted for specific gravity than for concentrations adjusted for creatinine. We also found significant positive associations of urinary flow with excretion of U-Cd, U-Alb, and U-A1M. Conclusions: Associations between short-term changes in U-Cd and markers of kidney function within individual nonsmoking study participants are unlikely to reflect effects of Cd toxicity. A more likely explanation is that these associations result from normal variation in renal function, including changes in urinary flow, that influence the urinary excretion of both Cd and proteins in the same direction. These effects of normal variability may result in overestimation of the adverse effects of Cd on kidney function at low-level Cd exposure.
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影响因子：
10.4
作者：
NORDBERG, M
通讯作者：
NORDBERG, M
DOI：
10.1007/bf00378372
发表时间：
1985-01-01
影响因子：
3
作者：
BERLIN, A;ALESSIO, L;GHEZZI, I
通讯作者：
GHEZZI, I
DOI：
10.1007/bf00383246
发表时间：
1994-03-01
影响因子：
3
作者：
TREVISAN, A;NICOLETTO, G;SECONDIN, L
通讯作者：
SECONDIN, L
影响因子：
4.9
作者：
Chaumont A;De Winter F;Dumont X;Haufroid V;Bernard A
通讯作者：
Bernard A
影响因子：
2.6
作者：
Suwazono, Y;Åkesson, A;Vahter, M
通讯作者：
Vahter, M