Elevated blood lead and metal/metalloid levels and environmental exposure sources in urban Ecuadorian school-age children and mothers.
Elevated blood lead and metal/metalloid levels and environmental exposure sources in urban Ecuadorian school-age children and mothers.
复制标题
厄瓜多尔城市学龄儿童和母亲血铅和金属/类金属水平升高及环境暴露源
DOI：
10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113770
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发表时间：
2021-06
影响因子：
6
通讯作者：
Racines-Orbe, Marcia
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Armijos, Rodrigo X.;Weigel, M. Margaret;Obeng-Gyasi, Emmanuel;Racines-Orbe, Marcia
关键词：
铅和其他有毒和潜在有毒的金属和类金属是造成全球疾病和残疾负担的重要因素。表征血液金属/类金属水平和潜在环境暴露源的研究仅限于居住在安第斯地区国家主要城市中心的人群。我们使用电感耦合等离子体质谱法定量血液中铅（PbB），镉（CdB），锰（MnB），总砷（AsB），总汞（HgB）的学龄儿童（n = 47）和他们的育龄母亲（n = 49）从厄瓜多尔基多的低资源家庭。将这些值与已发表的第95百分位数参考值（RV 95）进行比较，对于PbB，也与CDC参考值进行比较。我们使用了一个详细的环境问卷调查，以检查参与者的血液金属/类金属水平的住宅和邻里环境暴露源的贡献。我们使用ICP-MS测量住宅窗台灰尘，地板灰尘和饮用水样品中的铅含量，并使用XRF检测油漆样品。45%的母亲PbBs ≥ 5 μg/dL; 14.3%的母亲PbBs ≥10 μg/dL。母体血液中PbB（76%）、CdB（41%）、MnB（88%）、HgB（57%）和AsB（90%）水平超过RV 95。在儿童中，68%的儿童PbB ≥ 5 μg/dL，21.3%的儿童PbB ≥10 μg/dL。大多数儿童血液中的PbB（100%）、CdB（100%）、MnB（94%）、总HgB（94%）和AsB（98%）水平超过RV 95。大多数母亲（97%）和所有儿童的血液水平表明暴露于多种金属/类金属混合物。母亲和儿童PbBs之间存在中度相关性，但其他四种金属/类金属之间不存在相关性。与母亲血液金属/类金属水平相关的因素是居住在土地板（PbB）或裸露水泥砌块墙（MnB）的家中，居住在泥铺或鹅卵石街道附近（PbB），距离交通繁忙的主要道路<50米（PbB，HgB），居住在Los Chillos（PbB）或Cotocollao社区（PbB，HgB），或街头小贩使用木炭烧烤食物的地区（MnB）。与儿童血液金属/类金属水平相关的因素是居住在泥土地板的家中（PbB，CdB，AsB），居住在泥土铺成的街道或鹅卵石街道附近（PbB），居住在El Camal或Cotocollao社区（AsB），或居住在废金属冶炼厂（MnB）和液化石油气储存库（PbB）的当地社区。在这项探索性研究中，母亲和儿童的PbB、其他金属/类金属和金属/类金属混合物的血液水平升高是一个紧迫的公共卫生和临床问题。暴露模式表明，交通相关的风险，特别是再悬浮的灰尘中的遗留铅，以及其他人为和地质来源可能是重要的环境贡献者的金属/准金属暴露在城市厄瓜多尔的母亲和儿童。未来的研究需要证实这些发现，并探索其他潜在的暴露源。还需要进行生物监测，以制定有效的干预战略，减少人口接触有毒水平的环境金属/类金属。
Lead and other toxic and potentially toxic metals and metalloids are significant contributors to the global burden of disease and disability. Studies characterizing blood metal/metalloid levels and potential sources of environmental exposures are limited for populations living in the major urban centers of Andean-area countries. We used ICP-MS to quantify blood levels of lead (PbB), cadmium (CdB), manganese (MnB), total arsenic (AsB), and total mercury (HgB) in school-age children (n = 47) and their reproductive-age mothers (n = 49) from low-resource households in Quito, Ecuador. These were compared to published 95th percentile reference values (RV95) and for PbB, also to CDC reference values. We used a detailed environmental questionnaire to examine the contribution of residential and neighborhood environmental exposure sources with participant blood metal/metalloid levels. We used ICP-MS to measure Pb levels in residential windowsill dust, floor dust, and drinking water samples and used XRF for paint samples. Forty-five percent of the mothers had PbBs ≥ 5 μg/dL; 14.3% had PbBs ≥10 μg/dL. Maternal blood levels exceeded RV95s for PbB (76%), CdB (41%), MnB (88%), HgB (57%), and AsB (90%). Of children, 68% had PbBs ≥ 5 μg/dL, and 21.3% had PbB ≥10 μg/dL. Most child blood levels exceeded the RV95s for PbB (100%), CdB (100%), MnB (94%), and total HgB (94%) and AsB (98%). Most mothers (97%) and all children had blood levels indicating exposure to multiple metal/metalloid mixtures. Maternal and child PbBs were moderately correlated with each other but the other four metals/metalloids were not. Factors associated with maternal blood metal/metalloid levels were residence in a home with an earthen floor (PbB) or bare cement block walls (MnB), living near a dirt-paved or cobblestone street (PbB), <50 m from a heavily trafficked major roadway (PbB, HgB), living in the Los Chillos (PbB) or Cotocollao neighborhoods (PbB, HgB), or in areas where street vendors grilled food using charcoal (MnB). Factors associated with child blood metal/metalloid levels were residence in a dirt floor home (PbB, CdB, AsB), living near a dirt-paved or cobblestone street (PbB), living in the El Camal or Cotocollao neighborhoods (AsB), or in local neighborhoods where scrap metal smelters (MnB) and LPG gas depositories (PbB) were present. The elevated blood levels of PbB, other metal/metalloids, and metal/metalloid mixtures identified mothers and children in this exploratory study is an urgent public health and clinical concern. The exposure patterns suggest that traffic-related exposures, especially the resuspension of legacy Pb in dust, as well as other anthropogenic and geogenic sources may be important environmental contributors to metal/metalloid exposures in urban Ecuadorian mothers and children. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings and explore other potential exposure sources. Biomonitoring is also needed in order to formulate effective intervention strategies to reduce population exposure to toxic levels of environmental metals/metalloids.
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影响因子：
5
作者：
deMiguel, E;Llamas, JF;Vadset, M
通讯作者：
Vadset, M
DOI：
10.1097/01.jom.0000137712.21963.76
发表时间：
2004-09-01
影响因子：
3.2
作者：
Counter, SA;Buchanan, LH;Ortega, F
通讯作者：
Ortega, F
影响因子：
9.8
作者：
Duzgoren-Aydin, Nurdan S.
通讯作者：
Duzgoren-Aydin, Nurdan S.
影响因子：
8.3
作者：
Bulka CM;Persky VW;Daviglus ML;Durazo-Arvizu RA;Argos M
通讯作者：
Argos M
影响因子：
8.3
作者：
Eick, Stephanie M.;Ferreccio, Catterina;Steinmaus, Craig
通讯作者：
Steinmaus, Craig