Spontaneous innovation for future deception in a male chimpanzee.
Spontaneous innovation for future deception in a male chimpanzee.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0036782
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Karvonen E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Osvath M;Karvonen E
发明能力意味着欺骗他人，这种欺骗存在于感知上或情境上脱离的未来，似乎需要将复杂的认知技能协调用于一个单一目标。同时，针对当前情况的创新在很多物种中都有观察到。一方面是规划，另一方面是欺骗所需的社会认知，从共同进化和神经解剖学的角度来看，两者是相互关联的。创新和欺骗在依赖新奇性的本质上也被认为是有联系的。
我们报告了一些系统观察结果，这些结果表明一只被圈养的雄性黑猩猩（黑猩猩属）为了未来的欺骗而进行创新。作为先前描述行为的延伸——藏匿投掷物以便之后向动物园游客投掷——这只黑猩猩再次提前用干草制作了隐蔽物，并且还利用了自然存在的隐蔽物。所有这些都放置在游客观察区附近，使得黑猩猩能够在人群后退之前进行投掷。我们观察到了这种创新可能的首次实例。进一步的观察表明，制造面向未来的隐蔽物成为了明显更受青睐的策略。而且，这只黑猩猩似乎一直将两种欺骗策略结合起来：隐藏投掷物和抑制优势展示行为。
这些研究结果表明，黑猩猩能够在其他个体不在场时表征它们未来的行为，并且能够针对这种潜在的未来行为在当前情况下采取行动。重要的是，黑猩猩的行为引发了一个未来事件，而不仅仅是为过去可靠地反复发生的事件做准备。这些发现可能表明黑猩猩在感知模拟中重新组合了情景记忆。
The ability to invent means to deceive others, where the deception lies in the perceptually or contextually detached future, appears to require the coordination of sophisticated cognitive skills toward a single goal. Meanwhile innovation for a current situation has been observed in a wide range of species. Planning, on the one hand, and the social cognition required for deception on the other, have been linked to one another, both from a co-evolutionary and a neuroanatomical perspective. Innovation and deception have also been suggested to be connected in their nature of relying on novelty. We report on systematic observations suggesting innovation for future deception by a captive male chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). As an extension of previously described behaviour – caching projectiles for later throwing at zoo visitors – the chimpanzee, again in advance, manufactured concealments from hay, as well as used naturally occurring concealments. All were placed near the visitors' observation area, allowing the chimpanzee to make throws before the crowd could back off. We observed what was likely the first instance of this innovation. Further observations showed that the creation of future-oriented concealments became the significantly preferred strategy. What is more, the chimpanzee appeared consistently to combine two deceptive strategies: hiding projectiles and inhibiting dominance display behaviour. The findings suggest that chimpanzees can represent the future behaviours of others while those others are not present, as well as take actions in the current situation towards such potential future behaviours. Importantly, the behaviour of the chimpanzee produced a future event, rather than merely prepared for an event that had been reliably re-occurring in the past. These findings might indicate that the chimpanzee recombined episodic memories in perceptual simulations.
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